问答题
What is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that luck has a role to play in the good life, but to what extent does luck effect the good life? If the good life is dependent on external factors, then it would appear that it could not be considered self-sufficient. However, Aristotle argues that the good life is self-sufficient, but communally self-sufficient. Why does Aristotle argue for what appears to be a contradiction in terms? (46)It is contended that luck's effect on the good life was much greater than Aristotle was prepared to acknowledge and that as a result of the good life being dependent on luck, the good life cannot be considered self sufficient. Aristotle believed that the good for humans would be the maximum realization of the function that was unique to humans. Since reason was understood by Aristotle to be the unique quality that humans possessed, it followed that the good for humans was to reason well. (47)Since part of the task of reason was to teach human beings how to act virtuously, the good for humans was the exercise of their faculties in accordance with virtue. The good life, then, was defined by Aristotle as the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. (48)The circumstances that make it likely or unlikely that a person will lead the good life are external and not of one's own choosing, and are, therefore, dependent on luck. Why not, it might be postulated, limit luck's effects, specifically narrowing the scope of what constitutes the elements of the good life so as to limit, while not eliminating luck's role? (49) Aristotle held that even if one could be viewed as leading the good life, should one experience any adverse circumstances such as illness, bereavement or isolation, then one could no longer be considered to be leading the good life. "For many reversals and all sorts of luck come about in the course of a life; and it is possible for the person who was most especially doing well to encounter great calamities in old age, as in the stories told about Priam in the Trojan war. But when a person has such misfortunes and ends in a wretched condition, nobody says that he is living well. " Aristotle had argued that limiting the scope of luck's effect on the good life would render life meaningless, yet is this not what is happening here? (50)Knowing that as one ages the probability of experiencing misfortune is heightened, and still maintaining that this is a yardstick by which to measure whether one can be considered to be leading the good life, severely limits the chances of anyone attaining the good life. Limiting the scope of the external factors that affected the good life would render the good life too limiting, according to Aristotle; yet Aristotle has placed such severe limitations on the criteria that needs to be met in order to lead the good life that the probability of anyone ever leading the good life are practically non-existent.
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查形式主语的翻译。本句型是考研翻译中常考的句型,it是形式主语,真正的主语是that后面提到的,后又接了一个并列的主语,即and后面的内容,同时里面穿插了由as a result of这个词组引导的结果状语。同时在翻译由it引导的形式主语句型时切忌不要直接翻译成“它”,这样会是无效的翻译,翻译时可以使用添加主语的方式。 [词汇] 本句中出现的生词并不多,主要有:contend(声称,主张,认为)有“竞争”和“争夺”的意思,在本句里显然不是“争夺”的意思;acknowledge(承认,复信,挥手)表示感谢,在本句里考查的是最基本的意思。
可接受的翻译
不可接受的翻译
It is contended that:有人认为
它被认为
luck’s effect on the good life was much greaterthan Aristotle was prepared to acknowledge:运气对于幸福生活的影响要比亚里士多德所能准备承认的更为深远
运气对于幸福生活的影响要比亚里土多德准备感谢更为深远
as a result of the good life being dependent onluck,the good life cannot be considered self-sufficient:幸福生活依赖运气,其结果就是幸福生活不能看作是自给自足的。
【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查复合句,即原因状语从句。本句是有since引导的原因状语从句,本句的主语是the good for humans,系动词是was,表浯是the exercise of their faculties,后面连接一个方式状语in accordance with virtue。 [词汇] 本句翻译涉及的词汇有since,reason,virtue,exercise,faculties。这些词汇在翻译和把握时很容易出错。since很多考生一般会认为是“自从”的意思,可是它还有“因为”和“由于”的意思,一般表示原因时放在句首,与for还有because表示原因时的用法是不同的。reason一般是“原因,解释”的意思,这里一般当思考和思辨理解。virtue:美德,长处,高尚的道德。exercise大家一般都认为是“练习”的意思,在这里却是“行使,运用”的意思。faculties:天赋,才能,全体教师。
可接受的翻译
不可接受的翻译
since part of the task of reason was to teach human being how to act virtuously:因为思辨的一部分任务是教会人类如何善良行事
自从理由的一部分任务是教人类怎么样有美德的行为
the good{or humans was the exercise of theirfaculties in accordance with virtue:对人类而言幸福就是按照美德来发挥他们的才能
【答案解析】[解析] 本句是一个复合句,主干为The circumstances are external and not of one’s own choosing,and are dependent on luck,其中系动词are同时并列了数个表语。定语从句that make it likely or 1mlikely that a per-son will lead the good life修饰circumstances,这个从句中make是使役动词,其后的it是make的形式宾语,真正的宾语是第二个that引导的从句that a person will lead the good life。 [词汇] 在这个句子中出现的难理解的词汇不多,需要特别指出的有circumstance,这个词的意思是:条件,状况,境遇。
可接受的翻译
不可接受的翻译
The circumstances that make it likely or unlikelythat a person will lead the good life are externaland not of one’s own choosing:使得一个人能否过上幸福生活的境遇是外部的,不是个人自己的选择
knowing that as one ages the probability of experiencing misfortune is heightened:知道随着一个人年龄的增长,经历不幸的可能性就提高
知道一个人的年龄经历不幸的可能性是提高的
and still maintaining that this is a yardstick bywhich to measure whether one can be considered to be leading the good life:并且仍然坚持认为这是一个衡量标准,以此来衡量是否一个人可以被看作是过着幸福生活
而且依然主张测量一个人能够过上幸福生活的标准
severely limits the chances of anyone attainingthe good life:这样就严重限制了任何人获得幸福生活的机会