阅读理解
Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research? Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The g0al of basic research is understanding, for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the explosion of a spiral nebula(旋涡星云) or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created whenever two or more human beings come into contact with one another-the scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays, he had no idea of their usefulness of medicine.
Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly. The funds the U. S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, "Development will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries will be lost. Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasize upon pure science.., tend to degrade the quality of the nations technology in the long run, rather than to improve it."
单选题
The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is __________.
单选题
Industry is primarily interested in applied research because it _______.
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】事实细节题。第二段第二句前部分“Leaving aside the funds devoted to research by industry which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because these increase profits quickly．”“不考虑工业向科研所提供的基金____．工业自然对应用研究方面更为关注，因为它们能够迅速地提高利润。”由此可知，工业对应用研究感兴趣是因为选项[C]立刻带来利润。[A]未提及；[B] 项frown upon意为“不赞成”[D] 只是作者的预想，即重应用轻基础的这种状况持续下去必然会导致严重后果。
单选题
Basic research is vital because _______.
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】事实细节题。第一段第二句“Basic research is the very heart of science，．．．a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise．”由此可知，基础研究为科学发展提供了动力，为科学进步提供了基础，就像一家企业如果拥有雄厚的资金，必然会迅速地发展一样。所以[C] 项正确。[A] 与第一段最后相悖，即基础研究的实际应用常常无法预期；而[D]虽然符合文意，却不是基础研究极端重要的原因；[B]见上题对 [D]项的分析。
单选题
It is implied but not stated in the passage that the federal government _______.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】推理判断题。第二段第三句后部分“the funds the U．S．Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds．”“目前美国政府拨给基础研究的基金只达到它全部研究与发展基金的7%。”由此可见，美国政府给予基础研究的经济投入非常小，不重视基础研究，故排除A)；那么剩下的资金流到哪儿了? 自然都拨给了见效迅速的应用研究。本文没有提到军费问题，[C]排除；[D]没有提及。
单选题
Less developed countries _______.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】推理判断题。第二段第二句“For practical reasons，the sums spent on applied research in any country．．．and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries．”由此可知，不发达国家基础研究与应用研究的资金比例肯定小于发达国家。本段第三句后部分“the funds the U．S．Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds．”美国拨给基础研究的基金占其全部研究和发展基金的大约7%。不发达国家肯定要小于7%，故选[D]。虽然基础与应用研究资金比例更加不平衡，但是我们不能因此推断不发达国家用于研究的资金很少，排除[A]；[B]从以上事实分析，不发达国家并未认识到基础研究的重要性；[C]没有提到，而且职业科学家进行的肯定是基础研究，不会得到鼓励。