问答题 The effect of governmental expenditures on the total economy varies with both the level of utilization of labor and capital in the economy at the time of the expenditure, and the segment of the economy which receives the expenditure. If the economy as a whole or the segment of the economy which is the focus of the expenditure is operating at capacity or close to capacity, then the expenditure"s major effects will tend to be inflationary, and will not generate much employment of capital and labor. If the economy or sector is operating at much less than full employment, the expenditure will produce a genuine (non-inflationary) rise in the GNP.
A true measure of the effect of governmental increase in the amount of money made available, then, is not the simple dollar value of the initial injection but the cumulative effect of this injection through spending and re-spending. In the optimum case the initial expansion of income flow could be great enough to produce tax revenues in excess of the original "deficit spending" or the "tax cut", so that deficits are not only smaller than the increased GNP but are recouped. In Keynesian economics the fundamental point of government policy clearly is not budget-balancing but spending in the event of unused productive capacity and unemployment. Spending increases productivity. This productivity resulting from federal spending has overwhelmed the older economic myths of the balanced budget where government is conceived of as just another business firm.

【正确答案】

【答案解析】政府支出对总体经济的影响，随着支出之时总体经济中劳力和资本的利用水平以及获得政府支出的经济部门的变化而变化。 [解析] 介词with与vary, change, increase, decrease, rise, fall等动词连用时，常译为“随着……”。如：
The conductivity of a semiconductor varies with temperature.半导体的导电率随温度而变化。
The wind increased sharply with the result that evaporation went up remarkably.风力明显增大的结果是蒸发明显增强。
On the assumption that speed is kept constant, distance increases with time.如速度不变，则距离随时间增大。
in the economy指代前面the total economy, the expenditure指代前面governmental expenditures，这里的指代关系应在译文中反映出来，而不应直接译成“经济中”、“支出”，让人误以为这里的“经济”有别于“总体经济”，“开支”有别于“政府开支”。

问答题 If the economy as a whole or the segment of the economy which is the focus of the expenditure is operating at capacity or close to capacity, then the expenditure"s major effects will tend to be inflationary, and will not generate much employment of capital and labor.

【正确答案】

【答案解析】如果整个经济或政府支出的重点经济部门开足马力或接近于开足马力运行，那么支出所产生的主要影响将趋同于通货膨胀，而不会使资本和劳动力得到很大的利用。 [解析] operate at capacity意为“全力以赴地生产，开足马力”。句中much employment of capital and labor与上句utilization of labor and capital同义，employment不应直译为“雇佣”，而应采用其转义“利用”。这类词语除了其字面义之外，要多关注相应的引申义及转义等用法。

问答题 If the economy or sector is operating at much less than full employment, the expenditure will produce a genuine (non-inflationary) rise in the GNP.

【正确答案】

【答案解析】如果总体经济或该部门远非满负荷运行，那么支出将使国民生产总值出现真正的(非通货膨胀性质)的增长。 [解析] full employment意思接近at capacity，指人力和物力的充分运用而无闲置的状态，而非“充分就业”。

问答题 A true measure of the effect of governmental increase in the amount of money made available, then, is not the simple dollar value of the initial injection but the cumulative effect of this injection through spending and re-spending.

【正确答案】

【答案解析】因此，真正衡量政府的可增加支出所产生的影响的，不单单是最初投入的美元价值，而是这一投入通过支出和再支出所产生的累积影响。 [解析] measure转译成动词“衡量”。available表示“现成的，可利用的”，也可表示“可获得的”。该词的意义多融合在其他词语里，在汉译时不一定要机械直译，如：
The individual now has more information available than any generation.现代人可以获得的信息比以往任何时代的人都要多。

问答题 In the optimum case the initial expansion of income flow could be great enough to produce tax revenues in excess of the original "deficit spending" or the "tax cut", so that deficits are not only smaller than the increased GNP but are recouped.

【正确答案】

【答案解析】在最佳的情况下，收入流量的最初扩张有时候会很大，足以产生超出原先“赤字开支”或“减税”的税收收入，以至于赤字不仅小于增加了的国民生产总值，而且还得到弥补。 [解析] in excess of作定语，可译为汉语动词“超出”。再如：
In these proposals, we have the whole party behind us.至于这些建议，有全党支持我们。
May I take a picture of the children at play? 我可以给这些在做游戏的孩子们拍一张照片吗?
I met a man in glasses there.我在那儿遇见了一个戴眼镜的人。
great enough to中插入副词enough作修饰成分，汉语中副词常置于修饰成分之前，而英语修饰词或短语的副词则可置于词组或短语的中间，如：
concentrate solely on law studies全力攻读法学
penetrate far into the jungle深入丛林深处
listen well to his words专心致志听他说话
think highly of her opinion极其赞赏她的意见
run square into him和他撞个正着

问答题 In Keynesian economics the fundamental point of government policy clearly is not budget-balancing but spending in the event of unused productive capacity and unemployment.

【正确答案】

【答案解析】根据凯恩斯的经济学理论，如果出现生产能力闲置和失业情况，政府政策的重点显然不是平衡预算而是支出。 [解析] economics和unemployment在汉译时都作了具体化处理，分别译为“经济学理论”和“失业情况”。

问答题 Spending increases productivity. This productivity resulting from federal spending has overwhelmed the older economic myths of the balanced budget where government is conceived of as just another business firm.

【正确答案】

【答案解析】支出可以增加生产力。这种由联邦政府支出而产生的生产力，破除了早年政府被视为仅仅是另一个企业时在经济上须平衡预算的神话。 [解析] 后句较长，且结构较复杂，主结构为This productivity... has overwhelmed the older economic myths of...主语带一后置定语，宾语the myths则带一由where引导的定语从句，
两个后置定语中译文均改为前置定语。这里给出直译，与英语的语序更贴近些。