单选题   Among the government's most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend on their children. Not surprisingly, the costs are steep. For a middle-class, husband-and-wife family (average pretax income in 2000: $ 76 250), spending per child is about $12 000 a year. With inflation the family's spending on a child will total $ 286 050 by age 17.
    The dry statistics ought to inform the ongoing deficit debate, because a budget is not just a catalog of programs and taxes. It reflects a society's priorities and values. Our society does not—despite rhetoric (说辞) to the contrary—put much value on raising children. Present budget policies tax parents heavily to support the elderly. Meanwhile, tax breaks for children are modest. If deficit reduction aggravates these biases, more Americans may choose not to have children or to have fewer children. Down that path lies economic decline.
    Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation. They have stagnant (萧条的) or shrinking markets for goods and services. With older populations, they resist change. To stabilize its population—discounting immigration—women must have an average of two children. That's a fertility rate of 2.0. Many countries with struggling economies are well below that.
    Though having a child is a deeply personal decision, it's shaped by culture, religion, economics, and government policy. 'No one has a good answer' as to why fertility varies among countries, says sociologist Andrew Cherlin of The Johns Hopkins University. Eroding religious belief in Europe may partly explain lowered birthrates. In Japan young women may be rebelling against their mothers' isolated lives of child rearing. General optimism and pessimism count. Hopefulness fueled America's baby boom. After the Soviet Union's collapse, says Cherlin, 'anxiety for the future' depressed birthrates in Russia and Eastern Europe.
    In poor societies, people have children to improve their economic well-being by increasing the number of family workers and providing support for parents in their old age. In wealthy societies, the logic often reverses. Government now supports the elderly, diminishing the need for children. By some studies, the safety nets for retirees have reduced fertility rates by 0.5 children in the United States and almost 1.0 in Western Europe, reports economist Robert Stein in the journal National Affairs. Similarly, some couples don't have children because they don't want to sacrifice their own lifestyles to the time and expense of a family.
    Young Americans already face a bleak labor market that cannot instill (注入) confidence about having children. Piling on higher taxes won't help, 'If higher taxes make it more expensive .to raise children, ' says Nicholas Eberstadt of the American Enterprise Institute, 'people will think twice about having another child.' That seems like common sense, despite the multiple influences on becoming parents.
单选题     What do we learn from the government report?______
 
 
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】由题干中的the government report定位到第一段第一、二句。 语义理解题。文章首句提到,最有趣的政府报告之一是估算父母花在子女身上的费用的报告;第二句接着指出这些费用非常高,这一点不足为奇。由此可见,抚养子女的费用在增加。本题的解题关键在于理解steep这个词,steep最常用的意思为“陡峭的”,此处意思为“(价格、费用等)过高的,过分昂贵的”。由此确定本题的答案为B。 [参考译文] 政府报告中最有趣的报告之一是估算父母花在子女身上的费用的报告。这些费用非常高,这一点不足为奇。对于一个有夫妻两人的中产阶级家庭(2009年的平均税前收入为76250美元)来说,每年花在一个孩子身上的费用大约为12000美元。如果将通货膨胀因素考虑在内,到子女17岁时,家庭在一个孩子上的花费总计将达到286050美元。 干巴巴的统计数据应该渗透到当前的赤字辩论中.因为预算不仅仅是一连串的项目和税收。它反映了一个社会的当务之急和价值观念。我们的社会并不太重视对子女的抚养,尽管说辞与此截然相反。当前的预算政策向父母们征收重税去赡养老人。与此同时,针对儿童的减税优惠却不太多。如果削减赤字加剧这些偏见,可能会有更多的美国人选择不要孩子或者少要孩子。这样下去终将导致经济衰退。 无法实现人口更新换代的社会会阻碍投资和创新。商品和服务市场将会萧条或者不断萎缩。因为老龄人口往往拒绝进行变革。在不考虑外来移民的情况下,为了稳定人口数量,每个妇女必须平均生育两个子女。也就是说,人口生育率要达到2.0。许多经济不景气国家的人口生育率远低于这一数字。 尽管生育子女是一个非常私人的决定,但是它也受文化、宗教、经济和政府政策的影响。对于为什么各国的生育率各不相同这个问题,约翰·霍普金斯大学的社会学家Andrew Cherlin说,“没有人能够给出一个合理的答案”。在欧洲,逐渐淡化的宗教信仰在一定程度上说明了为什么其人口出生率下降了。在日本,年轻妇女可能会反抗像母亲那样过着抚养子女的孤独生活。普遍的乐观情绪和悲观情绪影响很大。对于未来的期望引发了美国的婴儿潮。Cherlin说,苏联解体之后,“对未来的焦虑”降低了俄罗斯和东欧的生育率。 在贫穷的社会里,人们生孩子,是为了改善家庭的经济状况,因为这些孩子一方面可以成为家里的劳力,另一方面可以在父母年老时供养他们。在富裕的社会里,这一逻辑恰恰相反。政府现在供养老年人,因而减少了对子女的需要。经济学家Robert Stein在《国家事务》杂志中称,一些研究表明,为退休人员织就的安全网导致美国的人口生育率降低0.5,而西欧的生育率则降低了将近1.0。同样,许多夫妇没有孩子,因为他们不愿意牺牲自己的生活方式而把时间和费用都贡献给家庭。 年轻的美国人已经面临着一个萧条的劳动力市场,它无法让人们有信心去生育孩子。累积更高的税收不会起什么作用,美国企业研究所的Nicholas Eberstadt说:“如果更高的税收导致抚养孩子更昂贵,对于再生育一个孩子的问题,人们可能会三思而后行。”这种想法看起来合乎常情,尽管影响年轻人成为父母的因素有很多。
单选题     What is said to be the consequence of a shrinking population?______
 
 
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】由题干中的the consequence of a shrinking population定位到第二段最后两句。 事实细节题。第二段倒数第二句提到,如果削减赤字加剧这些偏见,可能会有更多的美国人选择不要孩子或者少要孩子,即题干中的shrinking population;最后一句指出其后果是经济衰退,所以本题答案为C。
单选题     What accounted for America's baby boom?______
 
 
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】由题干中的America's baby boom定位到第四段倒数第二、三句。 推理判断题。第四段倒数第三句指出,普遍的乐观情绪和悲观情绪影响很大。倒数第二句以美国为例指出了乐观情绪的作用:对于未来的期望引发了美国的婴儿潮。由此可见,导致美国生育高峰的原因是Hopefulness,也就是倒数第三句中提到的optimism,由此确定A为本题答案。
单选题     Why do people in wealthy countries prefer to have fewer children?______
 
 
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】由题干中的wealthy countries定位到第五段第二至四句。 推理判断题。第二句提到,在富裕社会里,这一逻辑与贫穷社会恰恰相反;第三句进一步进行说明,由于政府现在供养老年人,客观上减少了对子女的需要,所以人们倾向于少生孩子。第四句通过一些研究数据进一步说明人们倾向于少生孩子的原因在于政府为退休人员织就的安全网。综合以上内容可知,富裕社会的人不愿意生孩子,原因在于政府为老年人提供的福利条件较好,不需要子女为他们养老,所以本题答案为D。
单选题     What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?______
 
 
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】由题干中的purpose in writing the passage 定位到整篇文章。 主旨大意题。本文的主题是生育子女的问题,作者认为抚养孩子的高额费用会导致生育率下降,从而最终会导致经济衰退,而生育子女受多种因素的影响,其中就包括政府政策。文章最后一段提到,年轻的美国人已经面临着一个萧条的劳动力市场,这样的市场无法让人们有信心生育孩子,累积更高的税收也不会起什么作用,而且还让抚养孩子的费用更高。由此可以推断,为了提高美国的生育率,作者呼吁为抚养子女而减税,故本题正确答案为D。