单选题
It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors" names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.
The Internet-and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it-is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers say that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report"s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.
单选题
In the first paragraph, the author discusses ______.
单选题
According to the text, online publication is significant in that ______.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 第二段第一句：“...is making access to scientific results a reality”。网络使大家接触科研成果成为现实。这其中的内容就符合选项A。选项B的意思是：网上出版给科学研究者带来了巨大的利润。原文没提到这个内容。选项C的意思是：网上出版强调了科学知识的关键作用。任何形式的出版都要强调科学知识的关键作用，这句话本身没错误，但是本文没有论及这个观点。D的意思是：网上出版改变了在科学研究上的公共投资。看原文第三段的第—句：“The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access”。这只是说明知识的价值和对科学研究上的公共投资的回报部分是依赖于科学成果的广泛的流通和使用。这与本题也不相关。因此不能入选。故答案为A。
单选题
With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to ______.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】[解析] 原文第四段第三句：“There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published”。这句话说明，在开放式出版模式中，是要求作者(或其雇主)付费发表文章。这与A的内容相符合。选项B的意思是：订购发表文章的期刊。这是第一段介绍的传统出版模式。因此此项不能入选。选项C的意思是：容许其他网上期刊免费地使用它。这个内容本文没有提到，所以选项C也不能入选。选项D的意思是：在提交前要完成同行的审阅。这个内容在第一段中出现了，是传统出版模式的做法。所以选项C也错误。故答案为A。
单选题
Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?