多选题
1 Behavioral biologists ask two basic types of questions about animal behavior: how animals behave and why they behave as they do. The "how" questions seek to understand the proximate or immediate causes underlying a behavior at a particular time and place. For example, a biologist might want to explain the singing of a male white-throated sparrow in the spring in terms of hormonal or neural mechanisms. Such physiological causes of behavior are proximate factors. Alternatively, another biologist might ask what purpose singing serves the sparrow, and then attempt to understand events in the evolution of birds that led to springtime singing. These are "why" questions that focus on ultimate causation, the evolutionary origin and purpose of behavior. {{U}}These two types of questions are very independent approaches to behavior.{{/U}}
2 Questions about proximate causation examine how animals perform their various functions at the molecular, cellular, organismal, and population levels. The biological sciences that address proximate causes are known as experimental sciences because they use the experimental method of: (1) predicting how a system will respond to a disturbance, (2) making the disturbance, and (3) comparing the observed results with the predictions. Researchers repeat the experimental conditions many times to eliminate chance results that might lead to false conclusions.
3 Questions about ultimate causation ask what produced biological systems and their distinctive properties through evolutionary time. The sciences dealing with ultimate causes are known as evolutionary sciences, and they mainly use the comparative method rather than experimentation. Researchers compare characteristics of molecular biology, cell biology, anatomy, development, and ecology among related species to identify patterns of variation.
PROXIMATE AND ULTIMATE CAUSATION
1 Behavioral biologists ask two basic types of questions about animal behavior: how animals behave and why they behave as they do. The "how" questions seek to understand the proximate or immediate causes underlying a behavior at a particular time and place. For example, a biologist might want to explain the singing of a male white-throated sparrow in the spring in terms of hormonal or neural mechanisms. Such physiological causes of behavior are proximate factors. Alternatively, another biologist might ask what purpose singing serves the sparrow, and then attempt to understand events in the evolution of birds that led to springtime singing. These are "why" questions that focus on ultimate causation, the evolutionary origin and purpose of behavior. {{U}}These two types of questions are very independent approaches to behavior.{{/U}}
2 Questions about proximate causation examine how animals perform their various functions at the molecular, cellular, organismal, and population levels. The biological sciences that address proximate causes are known as experimental sciences because they use the experimental method of: (1) predicting how a system will respond to a disturbance, (2) making the disturbance, and (3) comparing the observed results with the predictions. Researchers repeat the experimental conditions many times to eliminate chance results that might lead to false conclusions.
3 Questions about ultimate causation ask what produced biological systems and their distinctive properties through evolutionary time. The sciences dealing with ultimate causes are known as evolutionary sciences, and they mainly use the comparative method rather than experimentation. Researchers compare characteristics of molecular biology, cell biology, anatomy, development, and ecology among related species to identify patterns of variation.
多选题
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the
highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ?
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】These two types of questions in the highlighted sentence refers to proximate and ultimate causation, discussed in the passage and stated in the answer choice very independent approaches to behavior is paraphrased in ...distinct ways of thinking about behavior. (1.6)
多选题
Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices and match them
to the type of cause that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be
used. This question is worth 3 points.
A. Researchers want to know about the evolutionary origin and purpose of behavior.
B. Behavioral biologists use the experimental method to answer a question.
C. A scientist wants to know how a male sparrow produces its springtime song.
D. Some animal behaviors are random and serve no beneficial function.
E. Scientists compare characteristics of related species to identify similarities and differences.
F. Researchers disagree over the reason for a particular behavior.
G. A behavior at a specific time and place has an immediate, underlying cause.
Answer Choices
A. Researchers want to know about the evolutionary origin and purpose of behavior.
B. Behavioral biologists use the experimental method to answer a question.
C. A scientist wants to know how a male sparrow produces its springtime song.
D. Some animal behaviors are random and serve no beneficial function.
E. Scientists compare characteristics of related species to identify similarities and differences.
F. Researchers disagree over the reason for a particular behavior.
G. A behavior at a specific time and place has an immediate, underlying cause.
【正确答案】
B、C、G
【答案解析】Proximate: The biological sciences that address proximate causes...use the experimental method...; The "'how" questions seek to understand the proximate or immediate causes... For example, a biologist might want to explain the singing of a male white-throated sparrow in the spring...; ... the proximate or immediate causes underlying a behavior at a particular time and place.
A, E Ultimate: These are "why" questions that focus on ultimate causation, the evolutionary origin and purpose of behavior," Researchers compare characteristics.., among related species to identify patterns of variation. Answers (D) and (F) are not mentioned.