复合题

The Arts and Crafts Movement in the United States was responsible for sweeping changes in attitudes toward the decorative arts, then considered the minor or household arts. Its focus on decorative arts helped to induce United States museums and private collectors to begin collecting furniture, glass, ceramics, metalwork, and textiles in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently considered artists today as directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century. The importance now placed on attractive and harmonious home decoration can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces.
The Arts and Crafts Movement reacted against mechanized processes that threatened handcrafts and resulted in cheapened, monotonous merchandise. Founded in the late nineteenth century by British social critics John Ruskin and William Morris, the movement revered craft as a form of art. In a rapidly industrializing society, most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment, and in many middle-and working-class homes craft was the only form of art, Ruskin and his followers criticized not only the degradation of artisans reduced to machine operators, but also the impending loss of daily contact with handcrafted objects, fashioned with pride, integrity, and attention to beauty.
In the United States as well as in Great Britain, reformers extolled the virtues of handcrafted objects: simple, straightforward design; solid materials of good quality; and sound, enduring construction techniques. These criteria were interpreted in a variety of styles, ranging from rational and geometric to romantic or naturalistic. Whether abstract, stylized, or realistically treated, the consistent theme in virtually all Arts and Crafts design is nature.
The Arts and Crafts Movement was much more than a particular style; it was a philosophy of domestic life. Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home and its appointments, then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects. For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization.

单选题 The passage primarily focuses on nineteenth-century arts and crafts in terms of which of the following?
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】由文章最后一句For both artisan and consumer, the Arts and Crafts doctrine was seen as a magical force against the undesirable effects of industrialization可知, arts and crafts被视为对抗工业化所带来的不良影响的神奇力量, 即其在工业化社会中所扮演的角色, 故应选D。
单选题 According to paragraph 2, the handcrafted objects in the homes of middle-and working-class families usually were _____.
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】由第二段的most Victorians agreed that art was an essential moral ingredient in the home environment可知, 艺术是家庭环境中必不可少的道德因素, 而the movement revered craft as a form of art, 故应选C。
单选题 The author mentions all of the following as attributes of handcrafted objects EXCEPT _____.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】由倒数第二段的第一句可知, handcrafted objects的设计简单而直接, 故B选项的“设计复杂”不是其属性。
单选题 According to the passage, which of the following changes occurred at the same time as the Arts and Crafts Movement?
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】由第一段的最后一句…can also be traced to this period, when Victorian interior arrangements were revised to admit greater light and more freely flowing spaces可知, A选项和the Arts and Crafts Movement发生在同一时段。
单选题 Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】由最后一段的Proponents believed that if simple design, high-quality materials, and honest construction were realized in the home…then the occupants would enjoy moral and therapeutic effects可知, 如果家中有简单的设计、 高质量的材料等, 居住者就会享受来自精神和健康层 面的影响, 即D选项的“人们被美好的事物包围会产生有利影响”。