单选题

Passage Three

The idea of ownership is everywhere. Title deeds establish and protect ownership of our houses, while security of property is as important to the proprietors of Tesco and Sainsbury's as it is to their customers. However, there is a profound problem when it comes to so-called intellectual property (IP)- which requires a strong lead from government, and for which independent advice has never been more urgently required.
The myth is that IP rights are as important as our rights in castles, cars and corn oil. IP is supposedly intended to encourage inventors and the investment needed to bring their products to the clinic and marketplace. In reality, patents often suppress invention rather than promote it: drugs are "evergreened" when patents are on the verge of running out — companies buy up the patents of potential rivals in order to prevent them being turned into products. Moreover, the prices charged, especially for pharmaceuticals, are often grossly in excess of those required to cover costs and make reasonable profits.
IP rights are beginning to penetrate into every area of scientific endeavour. Even in universities, science and innovation, which have already been paid for out of the public purse, are privatised and resold to the public via patents acquired by commercial interests. The drive to commercialise science has overtaken not only applied research but also "blue-skies" research, such that even the pure quest for knowledge is deteriorated by the need for profit.
The fruits of science and innovation have nourished our society and economy for years, but nations unable to navigate our regulatory system are often excluded, as are vulnerable individuals. We need to consider how to balance the needs of science as an industry with the difficulty of those who desperately need the products of science.
Clearly it is vitally important that we continue to protect science and enable it to flourish. Science and the many benefits that science has produced have played a crucial part in our history and produced vast improvements to human welfare. It would be negligent of us if we failed to recognise the importance of science as an industry and investment in research to national and regional economic development; but against these economic concerns an overriding consideration must be the interests of the public and of humanity present and future. Science as an industry may be booming, but the benefits of science need to be more efficiently and more cheaply placed in the service of the public.
For science to continue to flourish, it is necessary that the knowledge it generates be made freely and widely available. IP rights have the tendency to block access to knowledge and the free exchange of ideas that is essential to science. So, far from stimulating innovation and the dissemination of the benefits of science, IP all too often hampers scientific progress and restricts access to its products.

单选题 In the first paragraph, intellectual property is described as ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】题目设定了范围：首段。段中与“知识产权”有关的描述出现在最后一句： which requires a strong lead from government, and for which independent advice has never been more urgently required. C来自于第一节的从句，“guide”替换了原句中的”lead”，意义不变。选项A出现在前一句中，但描述的是“security of property”的特征，与IP无关。选项B所说的“保护财产”取自首句，与IP无关。D很容易与答案混淆，需要注意这个advice的来历，它与“独立机构”有关。

单选题 It can be learned from the text that patents are sometimes purchased to ______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】根据题干的提示patents are sometimes purchased，我们可以确定二段第三句：In reality, patents often suppress invention rather than promote it: drugs are "evergreened" when patents are on the verge of running out—companies buy up the patents of potential rivals in order to prevent them being turned into products．划线部分尤其重要。D中的短语keep…from等同句中的prevent…选项A的动词部分出现在上一个句子，与问题无关。选项B则出现在本段最后一句，也与问题无关。选项C表达相反的信息，不是现实中的做法。

单选题 According to the author, scientific research is commercialised due to ______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】题干中的scientific research is commercialised把考点带到第三段最后一句： The drive to commercialise science has overtaken not only applied research but also "blue-skies" research．such that even the pure quest for knowledge is deteriorated by the need for profit．科学研究的商业化就是为了“逐利”(need for profit)。选项A把need替换成为desire。选项B显然与A进行对照，逻辑方向正好相反。选项C的内容属于“幻想”类，完全与本文无关。选项D讲到“公众压力”更多涉及下一段，与题目要求无关。

单选题 Which of the following is TRUE except ______ ?

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】这种题目没有给出任何考点指向，要求考生带着每一个选项去文章中“定位”，比较耗时间。选项A来自五段第三句：It would be negligent of us if we failed to recognise the importance of science as an industry and investment in research to national and regional economic development．选项B则出自于but against these economic concerns an overriding consideration must be the interests of the public and of humanity present and future．选项C取自第六段的第二句：IP rights have the tendency to block access to knowledge and the free exchange of ideas that is essential to science．选项D又回到第五段最后一句，但是内容相反。