【正确答案】正确答案：D. H. Hymes(1971)proposed communicative competence, which refers to what a learner knows about how a language is used in particular situations for effective and appropriate communication. It includes knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary, knowledge of rules of speaking, knowledge of how to use and respond to different types of speech acts and social conventions, and knowledge of how to use language appropriately. He proposed this concept in order to expand the original concept of linguistic competence from Chomsky, which refers to the grammatical knowledge of the ideal language user and has nothing to do with the actual use of language in concrete situations.(2 points) In the case of foreign language learning, language learners should be encouraged to deal with accomplishing actions, which are thought to help them acquire the target language. Several ways are supposed to be useful in raising communicative competence, such as word-guessing games, descriptions and debates. Another way is to familiarize the learners with the nonlinguistic features of the language, including reading about cultural background knowledge and knowing some pragmatic knowledge about the target language. The extremely helpful way is to interact with native speakers.(3 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查交际能力的定义以及如何在外语学习中培养交际能力。1965年乔姆斯基提出了“语言能力”(linguistic competence)这一概念。Chomsky认为：“能力”是指说话人一听话人的内在语言知识，或称内有语法。语言能力是某种远比语言本身抽象的知识状态，是一套原则系统，一种知识体系，并非一种处事的能力，甚至也不是一种组织句子和理解句子的能力。1972年Hymes提出了与乔姆斯基相对立的“交际能力”这一概念。他认为，交际能力是“何时说，何时不说以及关于何时何地以何种方式与何人说何内容”。在外语学习中，要培养交际能力，首先要多参加猜词游戏，多描述以及辩论，同时要多了解文化背景知识，同时掌握必要的语用常识。