阅读理解 War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality (守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate (天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical (道德上的) patterns within which human violence has been directed. The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycles of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment, allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community''s deepest religious and ethical commitments.

单选题 Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that __________.

单选题 The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is __________.

单选题 What does the author mean by saying "... in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused" ( Line 5, Para. 2 )

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】推断题。题目询问作者说“in legal systems，the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused”这句话意思是________。文章第2段提到“The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected，the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system，individuals are removed from the cycles of revenge motivated by acts of violence(社会承担保护个人免受暴力袭击的责任。如果社会保护不了个人，它会承担实施惩罚的责任。个人已被排除在由暴力行为引起的复仇圈之外)”，由此可推断，惩罚并不是由有关的个人直接实施的。因此D项正确。

单选题 The word "allegiance" ( Line 5, Para. 3 ) is closest in meaning to " __________".

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】推断题。题目询问allegiance这个词和__________的意思最接近。文章最后一段提到“it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their recommitment，allegiance，and supreme sacrifice(战争是国家向其人民发出非常强大的号召，要求人民付出自己的责任、allegiance和最大牺牲的时刻)”。根据上下文可推断A项“忠诚，忠心”与责任、牺牲的意思平行，因此与allegiance意义最接近。

单选题 What can we learn from the last paragraph?

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】推断题。题目询问从文章的最后一段我们可以学到些什么。文章最后一段提到“While the one protects the individual from violence，the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state(然而一方，即指立法机构，保护个人免受暴力的袭击，另一方，即指军事机构，则会为了国家的利益牺牲个人的利益)”，由此可推断战时政府会为了国家的利益牺牲个人的利益。因此D项正确。