单选题
How Should You Build up Your Vocabulary?

    A. Exactly what do you do during a normal day? How do you spend your time? Paul T. Rankin very much wanted an answer to that question. To get it, he asked sixty-eight individuals to keep an accurate, detailed record of what they did every minute of their waking hours. When he consolidated (巩固) his findings, he discovered that the average individual spent 70 percent of his waking time doing one thing only—communication. That meant either reading, writing, speaking or listening.
    B. Put that evidence alongside of the research findings uncovered by the Human Engineering Laboratories. In exploring aptitudes (智能) and careers involving, among other things, data from 30,000 vocabulary tests given yearly, they discovered that big incomes and big vocabularies go together. Vocabulary, more than any other factor yet known, predicts financial success.
    C. And it all fits. Each word you add to your vocabulary makes you a better reader, writer, speaker and listener. Furthermore, linguistic scientists are quick to point out that we actually think with words. If that is so, new words make us better thinkers as well as communicators. No wonder more words are likely to mean more money. What better reason for beginning right now to extend your vocabulary?
    D. Take reading. What exactly do you read? Common sense says you read words. Research confirms that fact. 'Vocabulary in context' contributes 39 percent to comprehension. That's more than any other factor isolated and studied—even more than intelligence. And 'word discrimination' contributes more to speed of reading than any other factor—28 percent. In short, your efforts to improve vocabulary will pay off in both comprehension and speed.
    E. Suppose, as you're reading along, you 'lumtebs' across a strange word. Did you find yourself stopping for a closer look at lumtebs? Pardon the spelling slip. That's actually the word 'stumble' (偶然发现). The letter just got mixed around. Obviously you now know that strange words do slow you down—or even stop you completely. Furthermore, strange words hinder (妨碍) comprehension. Which is easier to understand, 'Eschew garrulity' or 'Avoiding talking too much'?
    F. What you need is a vital, dynamic approach to vocabulary building. Hybrid(混合种) corn combines the best qualities of several varieties to ensure maximum productivity. A hybrid approach to vocabulary should, in the same way, ensure maximum results. That's why you should use the CPD formula.
    Through Context
    G. When students in a college class were asked what should be done when they came across an unknown word in their reading, 84 percent said, 'Look it up in the dictionary.' If you do, however, you short-circuit the very mental processes needed to make your efforts most productive.
    H. But there's another reason. Suppose someone asks you what the word fast means. You answer, 'speedy or swift'. But does it mean that in such contexts as 'fast color', 'fast woman', or 'fast friend'? And if a horse is fast, is it securely tied or galloping (飞驰) at top speed? It could be either. It all depends. On the dictionary? No, on context—on how the word is actually used. After all, there are over twenty different meanings for fast in the dictionary. But the dictionary doesn't tell you which meaning is intended. That's why it makes such good sense to begin with context.
    Through Word Parts
    I. Now for the next step. Often unfamiliar words contain one or more parts, which, if recognized, provide definite help with meaning. Suppose you read that someone 'had a predilection for_reading mysteries'. The context certainly isn't too helpful. But do you see a prefix, suffix or root that you know? Well, there's the familiar prefix pre-, meaning 'before'. Look back at the context and try inserting 'before'. Reading mysteries apparently comes 'before' other kinds of reading. Yes, a predilection—or preference—is something put 'before' something else. Or take the word monolithic. Try to isolate the parts. There is the prefix mono-, meaning 'one', and the root lith, meaning 'stone'. Finally, there's the suffix -ic, meaning 'consisting of'. Those three parts add up to this definition: 'consisting of one stone'.
    J.To speed up your use of word parts, you will be introduced to the fourteen most important words the English language.The prefix and root elements in those few words are found in over 14,000 words of desk dictionary size. With those amazingly useful shortcuts, you can build vocabulary, not a snail's pace,one word at a time, but in giant strides, up to a thousand words at a time. Your second step, then, is to look for familiar word parts.If they do not give you exact meanings, they should at least bring you much closer.
    Through the Dictionary
    K. Now you can see why you should consult the dictionary last, not first. You've looked carefully at the context. You've looked for familiar word parts. Now you play Sherlock Holmes—an exciting role. You hypothesize. In light of context or word parts, you try to solve a mystery. What exactly does that strange word mean? Only after you go through the mental gymnastics to come up with a tentative definition should you open the dictionary to see if you're right.
    L. After all, those first two steps or approaches spark a stronger than usual interest in that dictionary definition. You're now personally involved. Did you figure out the word meaning? Your heightened interest will lead to a better memory of both word and meaning. It also encourages your development of the habits needed to accelerate your progress. And when you see in black and white the definition you had expected, w:hat a feeling of accomplishment is yours. In that way, the CPD Formula provides the exact dynamic interplay of approaches for maximum effectiveness.
    M. Well, there it is, your new formula—Context, Parts, Dictionary. Use it! The exercises that follow will give you specific, step-by-step help in sharpening your awareness of contextual clues, learning the most useful word parts, and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease. The results will be like the money in the bank.
问答题     When you refer to a dictionary for the meaning of 'fast' in fast color, you will probably not get its exact meaning.
 
【正确答案】H
【答案解析】当你在词典中查找fast color中fast一词的含义时,你很可能不能找到其准确含义。 fast color一词出现在H段中,该段后半部分提到在词典中并不能查到fast color中fast一词的含义,须结合语境来理解,故本题是对该段的概括,H段为本题出处。 本题出现关键词dictionary,故首先考虑在小标题Through the Dictionary下的段落寻找,但速读该部分并没有发现另一关键信息fast color,故考生此时应往其他段落寻找。 [参考译文] 应该如何扩充你的词汇量? A.确切地说,平常你都做些什么?你怎样打发时间?保罗·T. 兰金非常想要知道答案。为了得到这个答案,他访问了68个人并对他们在除了睡觉以外的每分钟里做的事情都做了准确、详细的记录。在整理好他的访问资料后,他发现,平均说来,每个人除了睡觉以外的70%的时间都花在了同一件事情上面——交流,即听、说、读、写。 B.这个发现与人事管理实验室的研究结果不谋而合。在进行智能开发和职业培训等工作时,他们每年都会进行涉及3万个词汇的测试,从得来的数据中,他们发现高收入人群的词汇量相应也很大。相较于迄今为止我们所知道的其他因素,词汇量更能预测经济上的成功。 C.这种说法是有道理的。每增加一个词汇都会使你在听、说、读、写方面有所提高。而且,语言学家已指出我们的思维实际上是依赖语言进行的。如果真是这样,那么词汇的增加也就会使我们的思维更灵活,更善于交际。这就难怪更多的词汇也就可能意味着更多的金钱。现在立刻开始扩充你的词汇量吧,难道这还需要什么更好的理由吗? D.就拿阅读来说吧。你读的到底是什么呢?按常理说,你读的是单词。研究也证实了这一点。“上下文词汇”对理解有39%的帮助,超过了其他所研究过的任何一种独立因素——甚至智力因素。而“词汇辨别”更有助于加快阅读速度——其贡献率高达28%,高于其他任何因素。总之,你在增进词汇量方面所付出的努力会使你在阅读理解和阅读速度两方面得到回报。 E.假定你在阅读过程中碰到了一个奇怪的单词lumtebs。你发现你自己会停下来更仔细地分析lumtebs这个单词吗?不用在意这样的拼写错误。实际上这个单词是stumble。只不过字母排列搞乱了。显然你现在知道生词确实让你减慢阅读速度了吧——或者甚至让你完全停了下来。而且,生词也妨碍理解。比如,“避免饶舌( Eschew garrulity)”和“避免说得太多(Avoiding talking too much)”,哪个更容易理解呢? F.你需要的是一种行之有效的、灵活的扩充词汇的方法。杂交玉米将几种最优玉米杂合起来就能保证最高产量。同样,将扩充词汇量的多种方法结合来使用也会给你带来最大的收获。所以你应该使用CPD公式。 通过上下文 G.当问到大学生在阅读时突然遇到一个不认识的单词该怎么办,84%的学生会说:“查字典。”然而,这么做,你就会打断最有效阅读所需的思维过程。 H.但是还有另一个原因。假定有人问你fast这个单词是什么意思。你回答“快速的或者迅速的”。但是在“fast color”、“fast woman”或“fast friend”这些短语中的fast还是那个意思吗?如果在“a horse is fast”这个小句中,fast表示被牢牢系住还是以最快的速度飞驰呢?它可以表示两者中任何一个意思。这要看情况而定。根据字典吗?不,根据上下文——根据这个单词的实际使用情况。毕竟,fast这个单词在字典里有20多种不同的意思。但是字典并不会告诉你具体是哪种意思。所以我们还是得从上下文入手。 通过构词成分 I.现在看看下一步。一些我们不熟悉的单词常常包含一个或多个组成成分,如果我们可以认出这些组成成分的话,它们就可以帮助我们明确单词的意思。假定你读到某人“had a predilection for reading mysteries”。对于这个句子,上下文当然不会有多大帮助。但是你看看有没有哪个前缀、后缀或是词根是你懂得的?哦,有一个熟悉的前缀pre-,是“之前”的意思。再回头看看上下文并且试着插入“之前”这个意思。读神话显然排在其他类型的阅读之前。是的,predilection(偏爱)就是置于其他东西“之前”的东西。再以单词monolithic为例。试着拆分一下这个单词的构词成分。这个单词有一个前缀mono-,意思是“—”,以及一个词根lith,意为“石头”。最后,还有一个后缀-ic,意思是“由……组成”。这三个部分组合在一起意思就是:“由一块石头组成的”。 J.为了加速你对单词成分的了解和运用,你首先要熟悉英语中14个最为重要的单词。这些为数不多的单词中的前缀和词根出现的频率非常高,在一般案头词典中我们可以发现超过1.4万个单词有这些前缀和词根。掌握了这些极其有用的捷径,你就能够扩充你的词汇量了,不是以蜗牛的速度来,一次增加一个单词,而是大踏步前进,一次就可增加上千个单词。第二步就是寻找熟悉的构词成分。这即便不能给你提供精确的意思,至少也会给你提供一些近似的信息。 通过字典 K.现在你该明白为什么你需要在最后而不是在一开始就查字典了。你已经仔细看过上下文了,也找过熟悉的构词成分。现在你可以扮演夏洛克·福尔摩斯——一个令人兴奋的角色了。你开始假设。尽量根据上下文或者单词的构词成分来解开一个秘密。那个生词到底是什么意思?只有在你经过一番脑力活动推测出一个释义后,才应该打开字典来看看你的猜测是否正确。 L.总的说来,通过前两步或前面两种方法得出的意思比字典上提供的意思更令人感兴趣。因为你自己已经完全深其中了。你明白单词的意思了吗?兴趣的增加会使你更能记住单词及其意义,也可以鼓励你养成良好的学习习惯,进而不断取得进步。当你看到你所期待的释义清清楚楚地出现在字典里时,你会多么地有成就感啊!如此,CPD公式能为你提供灵活、准确和互动的各种方法以达到最大的效果。 M.好了,你的新公式就是——上下文(C),构词成分(P),字典(D)。运用它!随后的练习将具体地、循序渐进地帮你敏锐地辨别上下文提示,学会最有用的构词成分和越来越轻松准确地使用字典。其结果会像你在银行里存了一笔钱。
问答题     You can get the close meaning of an unfamiliar word by looking for the familiar parts in it.
 
【正确答案】J
【答案解析】通过寻找单词中熟悉的部分,你可以大致知道一个不熟悉的单词的意思。 本题讲述通过词的构成猜词义,故考虑将定位锁定在小标题Through Word Parts下的I段及J段。再根据close meaning, unfamiliar word及familiar parts可定位至J段最后一句,本题与该句所述同义,故J段为本题出处。
问答题     Performing a Context-Parts-Dictionary Formula exercise will gradually help you sharpen your awareness of contextual clues.
 
【正确答案】M
【答案解析】练习使用“上下文一构词一词典”公式可逐渐帮你敏锐地辨别上下文提示。 本题属于总结性话语,故先考虑在文章最后几段寻找。最后两段分别出现CPD Formula及new formula—Context,Parts,Dictionary,本题所述与最后一段第3句的意思相符,故确定M段为本题出处。
问答题     It is discovered that vocabularies and incomes are closely related.
 
【正确答案】B
【答案解析】经发现,词汇量与收入密切相关。 本题讲述词汇量与收入的关系,与增大词汇量的方法无关,故考虑定位应在第1个小标题Through Context前的段落。其中B段倒数第2句提到“big income与big vocabularies在一起的(go together)”,本题所述与此一致,故B为答案。
问答题     The best approach to vocabulary building is to use a CPD formula.
 
【正确答案】F
【答案解析】增大词汇量的最佳方法是使用CPD公式。 本题总结了三个标题的内容,故定位应该要么在第1小标题前,要么在文章末尾,速读这些段落,由F段的首尾句可知,CPD formula是一种增加词汇量的有效、灵活的(vital,dynamic)方法,本题所述的best approach与之相符,故确定F段为本题出处。
问答题     You shouldn't open the dictionary until you have gone through the mental gymnastics to come up with a tentative definition.
 
【正确答案】K
【答案解析】只有经过一番脑力活动推测出一个释义后,你才应该打开词典查看。 本题与dictionary有关,故定位锁定在小标题Through the Dictionary下的段落。再根据mental gymnastics及tentative definition等信息定位至K段最后一句。原文的Only after...句式与本题中的not...until句式表达的意思一致,故确定K段为本题出处。
问答题     Seventy percent of the waking time of an average individual was spent on communication.
 
【正确答案】A
【答案解析】平均说来,每个人除了睡觉以外的70%的时间都花在交流上。 本题与增加词汇量的方法无关,故考虑定位应在第1个小标题Through Context前的段落。根据Seventy percent,waking time及communication可定位至A段倒数第2句。本题与原文中discovered that后的内容一致,故A段为本题出处。
问答题     A majority of students may choose to look up the dictionary if they come across a new word while reading.
 
【正确答案】G
【答案解析】大部分学生在阅读时碰到生词或许都会选择查词典。 本题虽然出现关键词dictionary,但在Through the Dictionary标题下找不到相关内容。而根据students及come across a new word等信息可定位至G段第1句。该句中的84 percent与本题中的A majority对应,本题与句中所述一致,故确定G为本题答案。
问答题     'Word discrimination' is the biggest influencing factor to one's reading speed.
 
【正确答案】D
【答案解析】“词汇辨别”是最能影响人们阅读速度的因素。 根据Word discrimination及reading speed可定位至D段倒数第2句,该句用more...than any other factor来说明word discrimination的重要性,与本题中的biggest influencing factor所表达的意义相同,故确定D段为本题出处。
问答题     Your heightened interest will not only help you memorize word and meaning, but also develop your habits needed for the acceleration of your progress.
 
【正确答案】L
【答案解析】你兴趣的增加不仅能帮你记住单词和词义,也能让你养成快速进步所需的习惯。 根据heightened interest及memorize word and meaning等信息定位至L段第4、5句,本题用not only...but also...句型将这两句的意思概括起来,故L段为本题出处。