Just as humans have their own individual personalities, new research in the Journal of Comparative Psychology shows that elephants have personalities, too. Moreover, an elephant's personality may play an important role in how well that elephant can solve novel problems. The article was written by Lisa Barrett and Sarah Benson-Amram in the University of Wyoming's Animal Behavior and Cognition Lab.
    The authors of the paper tested 15 Asian elephants and three African savanna (稀树草原) elephants in three zoos across the country. Previous work demonstrated that Asian elephants can use water as a tool to solve a novel problem—and reach a tasty marshmallow reward—in what's called the floating object task. This time, the authors designed new novel tasks, as well as personality tests, for the elephants. 'We took a comprehensive approach by using three different problem-solving tasks and three types of personality assessments to determine if individual personality played a role in which elephants were able to solve these tasks,' Barrett says.
    Those assessments demonstrated that the surveys and observations were the most reliable methods to get at elephant personality. Overall, Barrett and Benson-Amram measured traits such as active, affectionate, aggressive, defiant, excitable, mischievous, shy and sociable, which have been studied in other animals as well.
    'We were eager to see if the personality traits we uncovered through the surveys and observations predicted success on novel problem-solving tasks,' Benson-Amram says. The three problem-solving tasks included the trap tube task, which is a common test used with primates (灵长目动物) but which had never been presented outside of primates before.
    Barrett and Benson-Amram found that elephants did learn to solve two out of the three tasks faster over time, even though the elephants only received three trials on each task. Traits including aggressiveness and activity were important predictors of problem-solving overall, but the personality traits measured did not significantly predict learning ability.
    This study makes connections between two sources of individual variation, personality and cognition, in threatened species. One reason it is important to examine problem-solving in elephants is that they are faced with new problems that they need to solve regularly in the wild. For example, if certain traits enable elephants to overcome novel problems, elephants may be more likely to invade farmland and contribute to human-elephant conflict. With more research, managers can predict which elephants might overcome or habituate to deterrents (威慑力量), and managers can devote more resources to tracking elephants.
    The authors call for more work on different forms of personality assessments to determine which methods would be best for management of zoo and wild elephants. 'Research with free-ranging elephants can extend this study to determine which personality traits are most important for solving novel problems that elephants experience in the wild,' says Barrett.  

    What may be the characteristic of the new study compared with previous ones? ______

    What is the purpose of the two researchers? ______

    What is one of the findings of the mentioned research? ______

    What may be the significance of the research? ______

    Which of the following statements may Barrett agree with? ______