单选题
阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。
{{B}}Hierarchy{{/B}}
Culture is the sum
total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group
of human beings. In this sense every group has a culture however savage,
undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.
To the
professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture
over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic
hierarchy among languages.
People once thought of the languages
of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of
grunts (呼噜声) and groans (呻吟). While it is possible that language in general
began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of
"backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most
languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely
complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas.
They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or
grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs,
but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known
to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted:
(1) All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either
by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other
languages and adapting them to their own system. (2)The objects and activities
requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages; while different form
ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language
distinguishes merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"); some
languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the
speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or
in the past, or in the future.
This study of language, in turn,
casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to
be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.