多选题
Marx was the greatest thinker of the 19th century and his book Das Kapital had the greatest influence on any man in the 20th century due to its analysis of the economic laws that govern modern society.
Marx was a social architect who thought a lot about the fabric of our communities and was preoccupied with the notion of work and its definition. Marx cautioned that we live in a capitalist society where the free market is supposed to equalize the dynamics of supply and demand within our economy. He argued against economists that stated a free economy makes money freely circulate. Marx points out that, on the contrary, the circulation or exchange of commodities in itself creates no value. Thus, the trick the Capitalist must perform in order to exact his profit is to obtain a greater value from his commodities than the original value. To Marx, that tactic reeks of exploitation.
Marx stood for a fair deal for the proletariat, no matter what any worker did to contribute to society. Through his work, the worker created value, and was therefore deserving of a decent wage and a decent life.
The anthropological definition of man, according to Marx, is he who works. It is our thumb that allows us to hold a hammer, and it is that, plus our brain capacity, which separates us from our ape ancestors. It was in the 19th century, during the Industrial Revolution that the masses traded in their farm labor for wages in the factories.
Marx was born in 1818 in Germany during the Industrial Revolution. He saw how workers and even children were exploited in the coalmines and textile factories. These were unskilled workers who came off farms and could hold a shovel and thus be a hand for hire on construction sites or in factories. Marx understood the economics of supply and demand, the concept of private ownership and how a worker"s labor was his commodity-a service that he sold, just as a baker sold a loaf of bread or a doctor mended a broken bone. One"s labor only had a value if there was a buyer and one could sell his work. Capitalism, in contrast, only works when there is a large labor pool for employers to choose from so that they keep wages down. Unemployment is a necessary evil of a market economy.
Marx witnessed the appearance of Henry Ford"s assembly line that specialized labor and turned workers into a mere cog of the bigger wheel. He also recognized how such a system would alienate the worker from his product and his work. The means became separated from the ends. The individual worker lost his voice, his power. The owner, the employer, could set the rules and pay his employees what he wanted. The worker"s only choice was to take it or leave it. Idle hands meant empty stomachs. Therefore, until followers of Marx started to organize the workers into a political force, forming trade unions, employees had no control over their work, or their destiny. Marx envisioned a just society, where workers would be paid a fair wage for their labor.
Throughout history, it has always been kings, popes or CEOs of big multinational corporations who have controlled the wealth or the economy of the planet. Marx understood economics, especially the economies of larger scale. It was always the promise that the more of a product was made, the cheaper it was supposed to get. The more profit the factory owners made off the productivity of their workers, the more they supposedly shared their benefits, so that the money kept circulating.
Marx"s communist ideal offered hope and ignited many ideologies. Marxism as a political movement had many incarnations in response to the imperialist and capitalist enslavement of the peasantry and of workers worldwide. In Russia, it was Leninism or the Soviet Socialism after World War Ⅰ, then Stalinism; in Spain, it was the Communist Party as resistance against Franco"s Fascism; and in Europe and North America it was the Trade Unionist movement of the 20"s and 30"s.

Capitalist: the country or system based on the principles of capitalism
exploitation: treating people unfairly by using their work or ideas for its own advantage
envision: envisage something
incarnation: representation of a particular quality

多选题 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the first half of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
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Marx analyzed the economic laws that strongly influence modern society.
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多选题 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the second half of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
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Marx stood for the fair treatment of workers everywhere.
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