阅读理解 Questions 1-10 In the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent. People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participatedLine in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, silversmiths, candle or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber-all readily available on the North American continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870’s and the First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped build the vast nework of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked important trade centers essential to industrial growth. Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks, increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive. The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at less expense.

单选题 What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?

单选题 Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who

单选题 The phrase “hinged on” in line 9 is closest in meaning to

单选题 Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that occurred in the United States before 1914?

单选题 The word “lured” in line 19 is closest in meaning to

单选题 The word “Others” in line 20 refers to other

单选题 The word “expendable” in line 21 is closest in meaning to

单选题 It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in thatindustrialization

单选题 What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming “capital-intensive rather than labor-intensive” (lines 23-24)?

单选题 According to the passage, factory workers differed from craft workers in that factoryworkers