English serves as a functional alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world whichuse it an international second language. Because of its 1geographically widespread use, and because of the much number 2of people who speak it, it has been adapted as the language of 3aviation and air traffic. English has continued as one of the important languages of commerce, as the sphere of political andeconomic influence of the English-spoken nations has extended far 4beyond their own bounds. The use of English in international 5diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the officiallanguages of the United Nations. But as a final example, English is 6the language of the most majority of published materials in the 7world, so that education, especially specialized higher education,has come to rely very heavily in an understanding of English In no 8sense English replace the cultural heritage and emotional ties of 9the first language, but for many speakers throughout the world, it provides a means of communicating with people of similar trainingand interests which would otherwise not be able to comprehend 10them.