【正确答案】正确答案：The most important aspect of Malinowski concerned the functioning of language. He said that language is to be regarded as a mode of action, rather than a counterpart of thought. According to him, the meaning of an utterance does not come from the ideas of the words comprising it but from its relation to the situational context in which the utterance occurs. His assertion is based on two kinds of observations: ① In primitive communities there is no writing, and language has only one type of use; ② In all societies, children learn their languages in this way.(5 points) He believed that utterances and situation are bound up inextricably with each other and the context of situation is indispensable for the understanding of the words. He distinguished three types of context of situation: ① situations in which speech interrelates with bodily activity; ② narrative situations; ③ situations in which speech is used to fill a speech vacuum—phatic communion.(5 points) In his Coral Gardens and Their Magic(1935), he developed his theories on meaning and put forward two points. First, he prescribed the data for linguistic studies, holding that isolated words are only imagined linguistic facts, and they are the products of advanced analytical procedures of linguistics. The real linguistic data are the complete utterances in actual uses of language. The second point is that when a certain sound is used in two different situations, it cannot be called one word, but two words having the same sound, or homonyms. He said that in order to assign meaning to a sound, one has to study the situations in which it is used.(5 points)

【答案解析】解析：考查马林诺夫斯基对于语言研究的主要贡献。他对于语言研究最重要的贡献就是提出了有关语言的功能的理论。他认为语言“应该被看作是一种行为模式，而不是什么与思维相对应的东西”。马林诺夫斯基还区分了三种语言环境：(1)言语与当时的身体活动有直接关系的环境；(2)叙述环境；(3)言语仅被用来填补言语空白的环境——寒暄交谈。马林诺夫斯基在《珊瑚园及其魔力》一书中提出两个新的观点。第一，他规定了语言学的研究素材，认为孤立的词不过是臆造的语言事实，不过是高级语言分析过程的产物。第二，如果一个语音用于两种不同的语言环境，则不能称之为一个词。应该认为是两个词使用了同样的声音或是同音词。