【正确答案】From its birth to the present day, TG Grammar has seen five stages of development. (1)The Classical Theory aims to make linguistics a science. (2)The Standard Theory deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistics theory. (3)The Extended Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar. (4)The Revised Extended Standard Theory (or GB) focuses discussion on government and binding. (5)The latest is the Minimalist Program, a further revision of the previous theory.
Chomsky's TG Grammar differs from the structural grammar in a number of ways: (1)rationalism; (2)innateness; (3)deductive methodology; (4)emphasis on interpretation; (5)formalization; (6)emphasis on linguistic competence; (7)strong generative powers; (8)emphasis on linguistic universals.
First, Chomsky defines language as a set of rules or principles. Second, Chomsky believes that the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the tacit knowledge of the native speaker of his language. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals. Third, Chomsky and his followers are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker's tacit knowledge. They seldom use what native speakers actually say; they rely on their own intuition. Fourth, Chomsky's methodology is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a)the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure—a general linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars for particular languages, and (b)each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory. Finally, Chomsky follows rationalism in philosophy and mentalist in psychology.

【答案解析】[解析] 本题考查转换生成语法的相关内容。首先给出乔姆斯基的TG理论经历了五个发展阶段。古典理论旨在使得语言学成为一门科学。标准理论论述语义应当如何在语言理论中进行研究。扩展的标准理论集中讨论语言普遍现象和普遍语法的问题。修正的扩展的标准理论(或称GB)主要讨论管辖和约束。最近的一个阶段即最简方案，是对在此之前的理论的更进一步的修正。TG语法的发展可被视为不断简化理论和控制生成能力的过程。然后，指出乔姆斯基的转换生成语法在许多方面都与结构主义语法有所不同。最后，解释其理论贡献。