单选题
The Greek"s lofty attitude toward scientific research--and the scientists" contempt of utility-was not a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry prevented fundamental technological progress and in some areas restrained it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the Middle Ages-the organization of society.
The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages itself made improvement impossible. Under this system, the labouring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few--priests, nobles, and kings--concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their prerogatives they did achieve considerable progress in defence, in war making, in government, in trade, and in the arts of leisure, but they had no familiarity with the processes of production. On the other hand, the labourers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge and experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved.
The whole ancient world was built upon this relationship--a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves made efficient machinery needless. In many of the commonplace fields of human endeavour, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years.
For about twenty-five centuries, two thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn"t shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn"t modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkable little alteration (in the thirteenth century) to become a rudder(舵).
With any originality at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it--but the originality wasn"t forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed roof of his one room dwelling, while the medieval charcoal burner( like his Stone Age ancestor) make himself a hut of small branches.
单选题
According to the passage, lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to the absence of______.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】推理判断题。根据第一段的内容，作者用转折连词提出了本文的中心句，也就是说，特别注意第一段末句中的But。原文先提出机械学与几何学的分离阻碍了科学的进步，接着进行了语义的转折，然而更大的障碍是：“organization of society"’(社会结构)。organization of society是obstacle的同位语，所以选项 D为正确答案。而选项A、B和C的内容原文并来提及。
单选题
It can be inferred from the passage that a change in class relationship after the Middle Ages led to greater productivity because______.