Naturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Emilie Zola. Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society. Representatives include Guy de Maupassant in France, Theodore Dresier and Frank Norris in the U.S., George Gissing in England.