阅读理解
Culture is the sum total of all the tradition, customs, beliefs, and ways to life of a given group of human being. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologists, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy(等级制度) among languages.
People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisted largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers the description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our western language not in their sound patterns or grammatical structure, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, either by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own system. 2, Tile objects and activities requiring names and distinctions in "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A western language distinguished merely between two degrees of remoteness ("this" and "that"); some languages of the American Indians distinguish between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both; or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future.
This study of language, in turn casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.
单选题
The language of uncivilized groups as compared to western language is limited in ____________.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】事实细节题。文章第三段说They fall behind our western language not．．．but only in their vocabularies．．．，因此不文明人群的语言和四方语言的区别在于词汇方面，答案选[A]。文章第二段说到语言和文化一样是没有等级的，故[D]错。
单选题
The statement that "every group has a culture" grows out of the author''s ____________.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】推理判断题。原文第一段提到In this sense，every group has a culture．．．In this sense指的是前一句提到的Culture is the sum total of all the tradition，customs，beliefs，and ways to life of a given group of human being，也就是文化的定义，故答案选[D]。
单选题
According to the author, anthropologists would have all culture viewed ______________.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】事实细节题。文章最后一段说．．．the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently，and without ideas of rank or hierarchy，that引导的是claim的同位语从句，即人类学家的观点，因此答案选[D]。
单选题
According to the author, languages whether "civilized or not" have ___________.
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】事实细节题。原文说Most languages of uncivilized groups are．．．extremely complex，delicate，and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas，既然它们传播思想的方式很复杂、微妙和有独创性，那么他们的方式就应该是不同的，排除[A]。原文只说他们在sound patterns和grammatical structure方面不落后于西方语言，并且十分丰富，但没有说它们有增加sound patterns和grammatical structure的潜力，排除[B]和[D]。原文第三段说All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion．．[C]是对此的同义转述。
单选题
Which of the following is implied but not stated in the passage?
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】推理判断题。原文提到人类学家研究文化，语言学家研究语言，因此语言的研究不等于人类学的研究，排除[A]。原文最后一段的内容说明[B]正确，casts a new light upon即是说reinforce，并且claim的内容说明语言的研究加强的是人类学家文化没有等级的观点，因为语言没有等级。[C]不符原文。[D]是原文陈述的内容，不是原文暗示的内容。