单选题 One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two "behavior segments" in some novel way, never actually performed before so as to reach a goal. Two followers of Clark Hull, Howard and Tracey Kendler, (1) a test for children that was explicitly based on Clark Hull's principles. The children were given the (2) of learning to operate a machine so as to get a toy. In order to succeed they had to go through a two-stage (3) . The children were trained on each stage (4) . The stages consisted merely of pressing the correct one of two buttons to get a marble; and of (5) the marble into a small hole to release the toy.
The Kendlers found that the children could learn the separate bits readily enough. (6) the task of getting a marble by pressing the button they could get the marble; given the task of getting a toy when a marble was handed to them, they could use the marble. (All they had to do was put it in a hole.) (7) they did not for the most part "integrate", to use the Kendlers' terminology. They did not press the button to get the marble and then (8) without further help to use the marble to get the toy. So the Kendlers concluded that they were incapable of deductive (9) .
The mystery at first appears to deepen when we learn, from (10) psychologist, Michael Cole, and his colleagues, that adults in an African culture apparently cannot do the Kendlers' task either. But it lessens, (11) , when we learn that a task was devised which was (12) to the Kendlers' one but much easier for the African males to handle.
(13) the button-pressing machine, Cole used a locked box and two (14) colored match-boxes, one of which contained a key that would open the box. Notice that there are still two (15) segments—"open the right matchbox to get the key" and "use the key to open the box"—so the task seems formally to be (16) . But psychologically it is quite different. Now the subject is dealing not with a strange machine but with familiar meaningful objects; and it is clear to him what he is meant to do. It then (17) that the difficulty of integration is greatly reduced.
Recent work by Simon Hewson is of great interest here for it shows that, for young children, (18) , the difficulty lies not in the (19) processes which the task demands, but in certain perplexing features of the apparatus and the procedure. When these are changed in ways which do not at all affect the inferential nature of the problem, then five-year-old children solve the problem (20) college students did in the Kendlers' own experiments.

【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。devise意为“设计，发明”；make意为“制造，制作”；do意为“做，干”；produce意为“生产，制造”。所填之词的宾语是a test for children，根据后面的that was explicitly based on Clark Hull's principles可知，应该选A。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。work意为“工作，劳动”；duty意为“责任，义务”；task意为“任务，作业”，指父母、老师或其他人员摊派、分配、布置的工作；obligation意为“义务，责任”。根据后面的learning to operate a machine可知，应该选C。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。consequence意为“结果，后果”，指一种行为或情况在逻辑上或自然而然产生的结果；sequence意为“连续，一连串”，指相关联的或连续的一系列；result意为“结果，成效”，指一种特殊的行动、运行或过程的结果：order意为“次序，顺序”，指有条理地、有组织地安排各构成部分。根据前面的go through a two-stage(经过两个阶段的)可知，应该选B。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。exclusively意为“专有地，排外地”；completely意为“完全地，十分地”；fully意为“充分地，完全地”；separately意为“个别地，单独地”，指与其他所有个体不相似地、与其他不同地。所填之词修饰trained on each stage，所以应该选D。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。infer意为“推理，推知”；import意为“进口，输入”；insert意为“插入，嵌入”，通常与into搭配使用；imagine意为“想象，设想”。根据后面的into a small hole可知，应该选C。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。give意为“分配，给予”，指作为某物的一部分或份额进行派定或分配；appoint意为“委任，指派”，指选派或指定某人来填补一个位置或职位；furnish意为“装备，提供”，指配备家具等所需之物；distribute意为“分配，分派”，指把物品分发成几个部分或分发到几个地方。根据后面的given the task of getting a toy可知，应该选A。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试逻辑搭配。moreover表示并列；but表示转折；thus表示结果；then表示结果。前面的句子说All they had to do was put it in a hole，而本句话说they did not for the most part "integrate"，说明前后句子的意思转折，所以应该选B。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。prolong意为“延长，拖延”，指增加持续的时间；propose为“提议，计划”，指提出以供考虑、讨论或采纳；process意为“加工，处理”；proceed意为“进行，继续下去”，指依次进行下去。press the button to get the marble与use the marble to get the toy是连贯性动作，所以应该选D。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试搭配。reassume意为“再设想，再假定”；discuss意为“探讨，讨论”；reason意为“推论，推理”，指用逻辑思维来决定或推论；demonstrate意为“论证，证明”，指通过实验、例子或实际应用来解释并说明。deductive reasoning是习惯搭配，意思是“演绎推理”。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题测试语法。another意为“另外一个”，指同类中其他的；different意为“不同的”，指在形式、特性、数量或本质上不相像的；additional意为“另外的”，指附加的、补充的；else意为“别的”，通常用在疑问代词或不定代词之后。前面段落提到了psychologists中的一个，本段又提到了另一个psychologist，所以应该选A。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试短语。what's more意为“而且”，表示并列；in the second place意为“其次”，表示并列；in addition意为“此外”，表示并列；on the other hand意为“另一方面”，表示转折。根据前面的But it lessens可知，本句话表示转折，所以应该选D。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试搭配。like意为“相像的，相似的”；similar意为“类似的，相似的”，通常与to搭配；diverse意为“不同的，变化多的”；familiar意为“熟悉的，常见的”，通常与with搭配。句子的主语是task，根据后面的to the Kendlers' one可知，应该选B。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试短语。apart from意为“除……之外”；thanks to意为“由于”；instead of意为“而不是”；except for意为“除……之外”。Kendler用的是the button-pressing machine，而Cole用的是boxes，说明他们使用的方法不相同，所以应该选C。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。correctly意为“正确地，恰当地”；equally意为“相等地，平等地”；intendedly意为“故意地，有意地”；differently意为“不同地，有差别地”。前面提到是两个盒子，所填之词修饰colored match-boxes，所以应该选D。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。manner意为“方式，风格”；behavior意为“行为，举动”，指行动的方式；deed意为“行为，事实”，指值得表扬的行为；activity意为“行动，行为”，指充满精力的行为或行动。根据后面的open the right matchbox to get the key和use the key to open the box可知，本句话表示的是两种行为，所以应该选B。
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题测试搭配。the same是固定搭配，意思是“相同的”。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试词组。turn on意为“打开，开启”；turn over意为“旋转，转动”；turn out意为“结果是，证明是”，后面可以接从句；turn up意为“发现，找到”。所填之词的后面是一个由that引导的从句，所以应该选C。
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题测试语法。either意为“也”，通常用于否定或疑问句中；also意为“也”，通常用在句子中间；likewise意为“也”，通常修饰动词，用在动词之后；too意为“也”，通常用在肯定句句尾，用逗号与前面的句子隔开。此处应选too。
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题测试词义搭配。infections意为“有传染性的，易传染的”；inferential意为“推理的，推论性的”，指涉及推理行为或与推理行为有关的；innovative意为“创新的，革新的”；indignant意为“愤怒的，愤慨的”。所填之词修饰processes，所以应该选B。
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题测试短语。as much as意为“差不多，一样多”；as soon as意为“一……就，一样快”；as well as意为“也，一样好”；as quickly as意为“一样迅速”。所填之词修饰solve the problem，文中并没有提到解决问题的时间，所以应该选C。