填空题 A=Charles Ⅰ
B=Charles Ⅱ
C=Charles Ⅴ
Which king...
● came to the throne in 15257 1
● was Emperor of the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE? 2
● did not become king until the monarchy was restored in 16607 3
● was often forced to temporize in one place while he reached his goal
elsewhere? 4
● was dominated by his friend during the first years of his reign? 5
● outlawed Luther? 6
● wanted toleration for Roman Catholics? 7
● wanted to reunite the Germans in a Catholic church? 8
● was very fond of hunting? 9
● was unable to compromise? 10
Charles Ⅰ
(1600～49). Charles is the only English King who was tried and executed by his subjects. His father, James Ⅵ of Scotland, had succeeded his cousin ELIZABETH I as James Ⅰ of England, thus uniting Cue two kingdoms, and Charles himself came to the throne in 1625.
During the first years of his reign Charles was dominated by George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, his father"s favourite and his own close friend, whose advice led Charles into many difficulties. They waged war on both Spain and France, the expeditions against both countries being costly failures. Quarrels with Parliament soon started about Charles"s choice of councillors and commanders (in particular Buckingham), about taxation and other means of raising money, and about religion.
Charles was remarkable among the kings of his time as being a good husband and father, faithful and devoted; he was dignified, upright, and well-meaning towards his subjects, but he was unable to compromise. He believed MONARCHY to be the only true form of government—a trust to the King from God, and he considered himself to be above the law and the common rules of conduct which are binding to ordinary people. The King and his people, therefore drifted apart. Charles patronized literature and the arts, but he suppressed political and religious opposition, and thousands emigrated to New England. Charles meant to rule in the interests of all classes and to protect the poor, but the more progressive business and farming people, with their interest in moneymaking, opposed him. Religious disputes between High Church and Puritan grew more frequent.
Charles Ⅱ
(1630～85). The son of CHARLES I executed in 1649, Charles Ⅱ did not become king until the monarchy was restored in 1660. From the age of 16 he was in exile, except when, shortly after his father"s execution, he came to terms with the Scots. He invaded England from Scotland, but was decisively defeated by Oliver Cromwell at Worcester, and escaped back to France only after a series of adventures. After the death of Cromwell, when the country was near to anarchy, General Monk took control, and a new Parliament was elected. This at once voted for return of the Monarchy, and Charles, already in communication with Monk, returned to England on May 29, 1660. He was welcomed with tremendous enthusiasm.
Charles"s policy when he returned to the throne was in the first place to keep his throne—never, as he expressed it, to go on his travels again. Beyond that, he wanted toleration for Roman Catholics (his brother, later James Ⅱ, was an open Catholic and Charles himself a secret one); to be independent of Parliament in money matters and foreign policy; and to enjoy himself without criticism or interference. Charles was very fond of hunting and enjoyed gay and rather coarse company.
Charles had no legitimate son, and the crisis of the reign arose over the question of the succession. In 1678 a so-called Popish plot was discovered to kill the King and seize power, and this led to a fierce persecution of Catholics.
Charles Ⅴ
(1500～58). This Hapsbure Emperor ruled over one of the greatest accumulations of territories in history. As heir to the Hapsburgs, he inherited Austria and the Netherlands. In 1519 he was elected to succeed his grandfather, Maximilian I, as Emperor of the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. As heir to Ferdinand and Isabella through his mother, he succeeded to the Spanish Crown with its South American colonies and the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples. He was of medium stature, with little personal charm; his pale face was disfigured by the protruding Hapsburg underlip, but enlivened by bright and intelligent eyes.
The diversity of Charles"s realms in race and religion involved him in so many problems that he was often forced to temporize in one place while he reached his goal elsewhere. As soon as he became Emperor, he was faced with the religious problem in Germany, where Martin Luther was beginning his Protestant activities. Charles summoned his first Diet (parliament) at Worms in Germany in 1521, before which Luther had to appear to defend himself. Charles outlawed Luther, but gave him a safe conduct. Charles"s aim was to reunite the Germans in a Catholic Church, which he wanted to reform by means of a General Council—a policy unpopular, not only with the Lutherans, but also with the Catholics who resented reform, and Charles dared not undertake it while other dangers threatened him.