单选题
The selfishness of humans is a central assumption of orthodox (传统的) economics, where it is thought to lead to benefits for the economy as a whole. It is what the 18th-centuiy Scottish economist Adam Smith described as the 'invisible hand'. But evolutionary biologists have come to see cooperation and selflessness as a big part of our 29 as a species. During the course of our evolution, they point out, cooperative groups 30 outcompeted groups of cheats. So we are inherently cooperative when operating within our own groups. We have also 31 social mechanisms to reinforce actions that benefit the group. 'You could say teamwork at the scale of small groups is the signature 32 of our species,' says evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson from Binghamton University in New York. But 33 teamwork can include a competition mechanism to promote actions that benefit the group, particularly in larger groups. It's also important; to remember that in-group cooperation evolved partly in response to competition between groups. This evolutionary perspective is radically new to economics, and it could be relevant to grand-scale economic problems that require solutions involving cooperation between nations. Take the challenge of getting nations to work together over economic solutions to climate change—a 34 focus in the run-up to climate negotiations in Paris, France, later this year. This is a gargantuan (巨大的) problem from any perspective, but it is 35 an issue of coordination for the sake of the common good at a massive scale, says Wilson. 'The challenge is therefore to 36 at larger scales the coordination and control that takes place more spontaneously at smaller scales,' he says—from multicellular (多细胞的) organisms to village-sized groups of humans. 'Morality evolved out of cooperation within and competition between groups, so when acting as a single group to tackle global problems we will have to 37 the role of natural selection ourselves,' Wilson says. This might involve pursuing a wide variety of 38 , identifying those that work best, and then creating incentives to cooperate on implementation. 'In some ways it's the opposite of the invisible hand.' A.adaptation B.assume C.compel D.consistently E.developed F.effective G.essentially H.implement I.particular J.promptly K.remarkable L.rumor M.strategies N.success O.suspicion
问答题
【正确答案】N
【答案解析】该空格位于物主代词our之后，由句子结构可以看出，空格是see sth. as sth. 结构中的一部分，据此推断空格处应填入名词，充当介词as的宾语。文章开头提到，人性的自私被认为对经济发展很有好处，本句中的But点明了转折关系，进化生物学家与经济学家的观点不同，他们认为我们作为一个种族，合作与无私才能带来______，结合备选项A的adaptation“适应”，L项的rumor“谣传，传说”，M项的strategies“策略，战略”，N项的success“成功”和O项的suspicion“怀疑，疑惑”可知，答案为N。 其余选项均与上下文语义不符，故排除。
【答案解析】空格位于名词teamwork之前，据此推断空格处应填入形容词，修饰名词，并与之一起构成句子的主语。上文中说明人类的进化发展离不开合作，本句中的But之后引出了转折：______团队合作中也包含着竞争，再根据空格后的a competition mechanism to promote actions that benefit the group可知，竞争是一种有益于组内提高行动力的机制，由此可知，这种竞争对团队合作来说是有好处的，故答案为F项的effective“有效的”。 备选项中，I项的particular“特别的，特殊的”和K项的remarkable“惊人的”与上下文语义不符，故均排除。
【答案解析】空格所在句的句子主干为it is an issue of...，结构完整，据此推断应填入副词，作状语。本句是Wilson的观点，他认为虽然环境问题牵涉重大，但其本质上还是相互协调、相互合作的，故答案为G项的essentially“实质上，本质上”。 备选项中J项的promptly“立即”与上下文语义不符，故排除。
【答案解析】该空格位于谓语will have to之后，据此推断应填入动词原形。既然高尚的品德源于群组内的合作，而群组间则形成竞争，那么作为一个个体来应对环境问题，我们应该将各国定位为自然选择的个体，结合备选项B项的assume“认定，假设”和C项的compel“迫使”可知，答案为B。 compel与上下文语义不符，故排除。