单选题
The amount of floating plastic trapped in a north Atlantic current system hasn't got any bigger in 22 years, despite more and more plastic being thrown away. Since 1986 students taking samples of plankton (浮游生物) in the Atlantic and Caribbean Oceans have also noted when their nets caught plastic litter. Kara Lavender and colleagues at the Sea Education Association in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, analysed the data, and found that of 6,136 samples recorded, more than 60 per cent included pieces of plastic, typically just millimetres across. The areas of highest plastic concentration are within the north Atlantic sub-tropical gyre (环流), where currents gather the litter. Lavender and her team were surprised to find that the amount of floating plastic had not increased in the gyre. Although it has been illegal since the 1970s for ships to throw plastic overboard, Lavender thinks that the overall rate of plastic rubbish reaching the ocean will have increased, given the fivefold increase in global production of plastic since 1976. 'Where the extra plastic is going is the big mystery,' she says. Plastic resists bio-degradation and can last decades or more in the ocean. Eventually sunlight and wave motion break it into smaller pieces, which can be harmful to marine life—blocking the stomachs of fish and seabirds, for example. Some experts suggest that the plastic might be degrading into pieces small enough to pass through the 0.3-millimetre-mesh nets used in the study, or becoming coated in biofilms and sinking out of range of the nets. However it is unclear why the rate of degradation during the study period should have increased to offset the extra plastic going into the ocean. Lavender says it is unlikely that ocean currents are pushing plastic out of the gyre, although Simon Boxall of the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, UK, who wasn't involved in the study, disagrees. He says the Atlantic gyre has an exit strategy in the form of the Gulf Stream. 'We've seen high levels of plastic in the Arctic.' he says. Wherever it is going at the moment, the plastic on our oceans will eventually be broken down into microscopic pieces and individual molecules whose environmental effect is unknown. 'The million-dollar question is, is it causing any damage?' says Boxall. 'When plastic particles get so small are they just like fibre going through the system? Some studies suggest that persistent chemicals in newer plastics function as endocrine (内分泌) disruptors and simulated hormones.' And this fine-grained plastic is very long-lived. 'The depressing thing is it's likely to remain in the oceans essentially forever,' says Lavender.
单选题
Kara Lavender and her colleagues had analyzed 6,136 samples of ______.
【正确答案】
A
【答案解析】第1段第2句和第3句。 解题关键在于弄清6,136 samples中的samples指的是什么。答案通常要在前面找,第2句提到学生采集的是samples of plankton。可见,第3句中提到的data就是关于plankton的数据,6,136 samples应该就是6,136 samples of plankton。选A。 学生收集的是samples of plankton,而研究的对象也应该是这些plankton,收集到的垃圾或塑料垃圾都只是在收集plankton过程中的“副产品”,这些都不是学生一开始想要收集的样品,因此B和C是不正确的;D是学生用来收集浮游生物的工具,不是研究对象。 [参考译文] 尽管有越来越多的塑料被丢弃,但在北大西洋流系里,收集到的漂浮塑料的数量22年来并没有增加。1986年以来,在大西洋和加勒比海采集浮游生物样本的学生在网捞到塑料垃圾时也注意到了这一现象。马萨诸塞州伍兹霍尔海洋教育协会的卡拉·拉文德和其同事通过分析数据后发现,在记录的6136份样本中,60%以上的样本上有塑料碎片,一般只有几毫米大小。这片塑料密集的地区是在北大西洋亚热带环流区内,在那里水流常常会将垃圾聚集起来。 拉文德及其研究小组惊奇地发现,环流区的内漂浮塑料物并没有增加。尽管自20世纪70年代以来,轮船向船外倾倒塑料垃圾已属违法行为,但拉文德认为进入海洋的塑料垃圾总量应该还是增加了,因为自1976年以来,全球的塑料生产量增加了5倍。“这些多出的塑料去了哪里是个大谜团,”拉文德说道。塑料不能进行生物降解,可以在海里存留几十年甚至更久。最终阳光和海浪的冲击会将它们分解成小碎片,而这种小碎片可能会对海洋生物造成危害——比如阻塞鱼和海鸟的肠胃。 一些专家认为这些塑料可能被分解成了很小的碎片,从而穿过了研究中使用的0.3毫米网眼的网,或者这些塑料附在了生物膜上并沉入海底,超出了滤网的捕捞范围。但仍不清楚的是在研究期间,塑料的分解率怎么会变得这么快,快得能够抵消不断进入海洋的塑料。拉文德说海洋的水流不可能将塑料冲出环流。但并未参与这项研究的英国南安普敦国家海洋学中心的西蒙·博克萨尔持不同意见。他认为,大西洋环流有一个像墨西哥湾流一样的出口。“我们在北极就看到很多塑料,”他说道。 不管目前这些塑料去了哪里,我们海里的塑料最终仍会被分解成微小的碎片和单个的分子,而这对环境的影响我们还不知道。博克萨尔说,“最重要的问题是,这些塑料是否会造成危害?” “当塑料颗粒变得非常小时,它们会像纤维一样进入生物循环系统吗?一些研究显示,新型塑料中长期存在的化学物质的作用就像内分泌分裂剂和模拟荷尔蒙一样。”这种细小的塑料颗粒会存在很长的时间。“让人郁闷的是它有可能永远留在大海里。”拉文德说道。
单选题
Lavender tends to believe that the amount of floating plastic litter is most determined by ______.
【正确答案】
B
【答案解析】第2段第2句。 题目问,在Lavender看来,是什么决定着漂浮塑料垃圾的数量。该段第2句先谈到Lavender认为垃圾总数应该是在增加的,接着用given(考虑到)表明原因,即全球塑料的产量在增加(fivefold increase“增加5倍”)。这与B的内容一致,故选B。 该段第2句开头的Although表明,Lavender认为禁止船只倒塑料垃圾的法规对海中塑料垃圾量的影响不太大,故不选A;C完全没有原文依据;从第2段最后一句可知,D相当于文章提到的sunlight and wave motion,这些是可能会导致塑料垃圾的体积变小的因素,除此之外,Lavender并没有提到海洋的自然条件会影响垃圾的总量,故不选D。
单选题
The floating plastic endangers the marine life when ______.
【正确答案】
D
【答案解析】第2段最后一句。 原文该句表明,当塑料垃圾分解成小碎片后会对海洋生物造成危害。本题的题干是which引出的定语从句的内容,而D则是对sunlight and wave motion break it into smaller pieces的近义改写。可见本题选D。 其他三个选项的内容虽然都有在原文提及,但与“对海洋生物造成危害”的关系不如D直接。
单选题
By saying that 'We've seen high levels of plastic in the Arctic', Simon Boxall thinks that ______.
【正确答案】
C
【答案解析】第3段最后3句。 Lavender认为海洋的水流不太可能将塑料冲出环流,但Simon Boxall并不同意这个观点。因而他说出了题干中的那番话“我们在北极就看到很多塑料”,目的是为了反驳Lavender。由此可见,Simon Boxall应认为塑料有可能被冲出环流并被冲到别的海域去。C与其观点最为相近,为本题答案。 Simon Boxall并没有表示对“塑料的分解速度”的关注,因此A不正确;B和D描述的比较关系在文章中并没有明确说明,属于过度推断。
单选题
According to Lavender, newer plastics can be broken down into microscopic particles that ______.