单选题 Passage Two For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures - learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Pap began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children’ s responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights - and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Pap’ s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on. Pap concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control. Questions 6-10 are based on Passage Two.

单选题 According to the author, babies learn to do things which __________.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】文章第一段讲了早期的婴儿会在饥渴的时候来学习做一些动作，因为这些动作会有“回报”(有人将他们喂饱)，第二段中讲但是现在有一个很清楚的事实是：即使在没有回报的情况下，只要可以成功地完成某件事婴儿也会学着去做(一些动作)。综合考虑，只有C项符合。答案为C。

单选题 Pap noticed in his studies that a baby __________.

单选题 In Pap’ s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to __________.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】文章第三段提到，Pap在研究没有牛奶提供的情况下婴儿的反映的时候选用了灯光实验，然后发现最小四个月的婴儿就会向左或右转头，前提是如果这个动作可以“打开”灯光，确实他们也会学习更加复杂的动作来达到这个目的(He quickly found...bring about the result)。答案为D。

单选题 The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because __________.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】第四段的开头讲到Pap将灯光直接放在婴儿的前面，发现了很有意思的现象，有时候婴儿不会转过身来注视灯光，但是只要灯一直亮着他们会“微笑并吐泡泡”。由此Pap总结出并不是只有灯光带给了他们快乐，还有就是一种他们解决了问题达到成功的喜悦(Pap's light display...in solving the problem)。答案为B。