填空题. Communication is far more than speech and writing. Most of us are aware that we are communicating in many different ways even 11 when we are not speaking. The same goes to other social animal 12 species. We are rarely taught about this most non-verbal form of 13 human communication in school even though it is very important for effective interaction to others. Grown up in a society, we informally 14 learn how to use gestures, glances, slight changes in tone of voice, and other auxiliary communication devices to alter or emphasize how 15 we say and do. We learn these highly culture bound techniques over years largely by observing others and imitating them. Linguists refer to all of these auxiliary communication methods 16 paralanguage. It is part of the redundancy in communication that helps prevent ineffective communication. It can prevent the wrong message from inadvertently being passed on, as is often as the case 17 in a telephone call and even more so in a letter. The paralanguage messages that can be observed through face-to-face contact also makes it more difficult to lie or to hide emotions. 18 Paralanguage is often less important in communication than 19 what is actually being said orally. It has been suggested that as much as 70% of what we communicate when talking directly with others are through paralanguage. 20