单选题 {{B}}Passage Two{{/B}}

Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semi-permanent change of residence". However, our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal migration within nations, although such movements often exceed international movements in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants.
Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice of destination).
Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most often these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in.
Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles." Even if push and (or) pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential migrant. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may appear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.

单选题 The author thinks that pull factors ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】这是一道细节题。题干中的信号词为pull factors，出自第三段第一句话。文章第三段指出：吸引因素与目的地有关，这些因素通常是经济方面的，当面临几个有吸引力的潜在目的地时，决定因素就可能是非经济方面的因素。这说明，吸引因素包括经济和非经济两方面的动因。C说“包括各种各样的因素”，这与作者的观点符合。A明显与该段的意思不符；文中没有比较吸引因素和驱动因素，所以B和D不对。

单选题 People moving within country borders are often motivated by the desire to ______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】这是一道细节题。文章第一段提到了国内的迁移，指出：人们进行短途迁移的动因非常类似于跨国迁移。第二段指出：驱动因素与出生地有关；一种驱动因素可以是一件简单、微小的事情，或者是像战争带来的创伤，或严重的饥荒；很明显，那些被枪口指着脑袋、不得不离开家园的难民迁移的动因几乎完全是驱动因素。这说明，国家内部的迁移通常是希望躲避灾祸。D说“逃避烦扰”，这与文章的意思符合。文中没有提到A；与B有关的信息是第三段的第三句话，文中是说“当面临好几个有吸引力的潜在目的地时，决定因素就可能是非经济方面的因素，比如当地是否有亲戚、朋友……”，并不是说与亲戚住得近一点，所以B不对；与C有关的信息是最后一段的最后一句话，文中是说“一个群体要想融入迁入国的主流社会，通常要几十年的时间”，而这是指跨国迁移，所以C不对。

单选题 It is implied in the last paragraph that ______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】这是一道推论题。文章最后一段指出：除了驱动和吸引因素之外，还存在社会学家所说的“干扰因素”；即使驱动和(或)吸引因素影响力很大，干扰因素仍然可能超过它们成为主要因素；迁移的决定也受到可能的迁移者“个人因素”的影响。由此可知，驱动和吸引因素被其他因素复杂化了。A说“驱动和吸引因素被迁移中的许多其他因素复杂化了”，这与文章的意思符合。文中没有比较驱动、吸引因素与个人因素，所以B不对。影响C的是个人因素，不是驱动因素，所以C不对。与D有关的信息是该段的倒数第二句话，文中是说“在每一次新的移民浪潮后，美国和其他西方国家都面临着适应问题”，并没有说是哪种因素影响的，所以D不对。

单选题 People's decisions to migrate might be influenced by all the following EXCEPT ______.

单选题 The purpose of the passage is to discuss ______.

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】这是一道主旨题。文章第一段指出：我们关心的是跨国迁移，不是国家内部的迁移。第二段介绍了迁移的驱动因素。第三段介绍了迁移的吸引因素。第四段介绍了其他干扰因素。这说明，本文主要探讨的是向国外迁移的各种因素。B说“跨国间迁移的动机”，这可以表达文章的主题。A不准确：C明显与第一段中“我们关心的是跨国迁移，不是国家内部的迁移”这句话的意思不符；D只是最后一段涉及的内容，不能表达文章的主题。