单选题 It is interesting to reflect for a moment upon the differences in the areas of moral feeling and standards in the peoples of Japan and the United States. The Americans divide these areas somewhat rigidly into spirit and flesh, the two being in opposition in the life of a human being. Ideally, spirit should prevail but all too often it is the flesh that does prevail. The Japanese make no such division, at least between one as good and the other as evil. They believe that a person has two souls, each necessary. One is the "gentle" soul, the other is the "rough" soul. Sometimes the person uses his gentle soul, sometimes he must use his rough soul.He does not favor his gentle soul, neither does he fight his rough soul. Human nature in itself is good, Japanese philosophers insist, and a human being does not need to fight any part of himself. He has only to learn how to use each soul properly at the appropriate times. Virtue for the Japanese consists in fulfilling one's obligations to others. Happy endings, either in life or in fiction, are neither necessary nor expected, since the fulfillment of duty provides the satisfying end, whatever the tragedy it inflicts. And duty includes a person's obligations to those who have conferred benefits upon him and to himself as an individual of honor.He develops through this double sense of duty a self-discipline which is at once permissive and rigid, depending upon the area in which it is functioning.
The process of acquiring this self-discipline begins in childhood. Indeed, one may say it begins at birth--how early the Japanese child is given his own identity! If I were to define in a word the attitude of the Japanese toward their children I would put it in one succinct word. Love? Yes, abundance of love, warmly expressed from the moment he is put to his mother's breast. For a mother this nursing of her child is important psychologically.
Rewards are frequent, a bit of candy bestowed at the right moment, an inexpensive toy. As time comes to enter school, however, discipline becomes firmer. To bring shame to the family is the greatest shame for the child.
What is the secret of the Japanese teaching of self-discipline? It lies, I think, in the fact that the aim of all teaching is the establishment of habit. Rules are repeated over and over, and continually practiced until obedience becomes instinctive. This repetition is enhanced by the expectation of the elders.They expect a child to obey and to learn through obedience. The demand is gentle at first and tempered to the child's tender age. It is no gentle as time goes on, but certainly it is increasingly inexorable.
Now, far away from that warm Japanese home, I reflect upon what I learned there. What, I wonder, will take the place of the web of love and discipline which for so many centuries has surrounded the life and thinking of the people of Japan?

单选题 According to Japanese belief a child is born______
A. basically good
B. amoral, neither good nor evil
C. with two souls which are in combat with one another
D. in sin

单选题 The training of the Japanese child can best be described as ______
A. a system of rewards and punishments
B. frequent disciplining which becomes more inexorably severe as the child grows older
C. benevolent and indulgent during the early years, but somewhat more severe as the child grows older
D. almost entirely psychological

单选题 In the teaching of self-discipline the Japanese emphasize______
A. duty to one's family and relations
B. early toilet training combined with restrictive movement
C. heavy external control including both verbal and physical punishment
D. a permissive atmosphere almost until puberty

单选题 The Japanese idea of virtue is ______
A. sublimating the "rough" soul to permit ascendancy of the "gentle" soul
B. fulfilling one's obligations to others
C. doing good and avoiding evil
D. being friendly and courteous to all people

单选题 To the Japanese, the aim of existence is______
A. the pursuit of happiness
B. reward in the afterlife
C. a happy ending to one's activities
D. fulfilling one's duty