单选题 Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The in-ner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more aston-ishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.
No man ever looks at the world with pristine (未受外界影响的) eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes (固定的模式); his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all serious-ness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure (这种比喻) becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact obser-vation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its hab-its are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.

单选题 The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world is that ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】本题问作者认为学术界忽略了风俗这一课题的原因是什么。根据文章第一段的内容，风俗并没有被广泛地认为是具有重要性的一个研究课题。人们有一种想法，认为我们大脑里的内部活动是特别值得研究的，而风俗只是一种很普遍的行为而已，不值得研究。人们过去对风俗的认识是微不足道的，而最重要的事实是，风俗对人的经历和信仰起着主导性的影响，风俗的内容也包罗万象。由此可见，因为人们对风俗的重要性认识不足，所以一直未认真地对其加以研究。因此，本题的正确答案应是选择项C“原因是人们仍然没有认识到风俗在我们形成世界观的过程中所起的重要作用”。

单选题 Which of the following is true according to John Dewey?

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】本题是一道根据具体细节判断是非题。问按照约翰·杜威的观点，以下哪个说法是正确的。利用查阅式阅读法，我们可以在文章的第二段第四句话中找到相关的信息。这句话及其上下文指出，约翰·杜威曾经非常严肃地说过：风俗对个人行为的影响与个人对传统风俗的影响，就像母语对婴儿期语言的影响与婴儿时期讲的词汇对整个母语词汇的影响一样。我们知道婴儿时期用的词汇对于整个母语词汇来说只是沧海一粟。同样，个人行为对传统风俗是不能产生太大影响的。‘因此，本题的正确答案应是选择项A“个人对其所生来具有的文化风俗几乎没有什么影响”。

单选题 The word "custom" in this passage most probably means ______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】本题是一道词汇含义类问题。问文章中的custom一词最可能的含义是什么。根据文章第二段倒数第三句、倒数第二句的内容，一个人自出生开始便受风俗的影响，他的行为要适应他的社会所形成的行为方式和标准。由此我们可以推断出，custom应是社会中形成的传统的行为方式和标准。因此，本题的正确答案应是D。