完形填空   When a country is under-populated, newcomers are not competitors, but assistants. If more come they may produce not only new quotas, but a     1    as well. In such a state of things land is     2    and cheap. The possession of it     3    no power or privilege. No one will work for another for wages     4    he can take up new land and be his own master. Hence it will pay no one to own more land than he can     5    by his own labor, or with such aid as his own family     6    . Hence, again, land     7    little or no rent; there will be no landlords living on rent and no laborers living on     8    , but only a middle class of yeoman farmers (自耕农). All are     9    on an equality, and democracy becomes the political form, because this is the only state of society in which equality, on which democracy is     10    , is realized as a fact. The same effects are powerfully     11    by other facts. In a new and under-populated country the industries which are most profitable are the extractive industries. The     12    of these, with the exception of some kinds of mining, is that they call     13    only a low organization of labor and small amount of capital. Hence they allow the workman to become     14    his own master, and they educate him to freedom, independence, and self     15    . At the same time, the social groups being only     16    marked off from each other, it is easy to     17    from one class of occupations, and consequently from one social grade, to another. Finally, under the same circumstances, education, skill, and superior training have but inferior value compared with what they have in     18    populated countries. The     19    lie in an under-populated country, with the     20    , unskilled, manual occupations, and not with the highest developments of science, literature, and art.
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【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】词语辨析题。surplus意为“剩余,盈余”,例如:Every country has a pool of surplus labour. 根据原句意思,选项A surplus符合题意。B plus意为“加;优势”,例如:Your teaching experience will be a plus in this job. C remains意为“剩余物,余额”,例如:The remains of lunch were still on the table. D remainder意为“残余物,余数”,例如:They ate most of the food and gave the remainder to the dog. 全句可译为:如果来的移民越多,他们就不仅能创造新的配额,还能产生盈余。
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【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】逻辑关系题。abundant意为“充足的”。根据上下文可知,在人口不足的国家里,土地是充足的,与后面的cheap相呼应,故选项C abundant符合题意。A scarce意为“稀少的”,指有用而不够的事物;B scare意为“受惊吓”,例如:be scared of; D extractive意为“萃取的,榨取的”。全句可译为:在这样的国家里,土地是充足而廉价的。
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【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】形近词辨析题。confer意为“颁布,授予”,常与on连用,例如:The honor was conferred on him just after the war. 根据原句意思,拥有土地并不能授予土地的主人权力和特权,故选项C confers符合题意。A infer(from/that)意为“推论,判断为”,例如:Although she agreed with me, I inferred from her expression that she was reluctant. B defer (to)意为“延期,让步”,例如:Can we defer making a decision until next week?又如:I have to defer to my boss on important decision. D refer (to)意为“谈到,涉及,参考”,例如:The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors. 全句可译为:拥有土地并不意味着拥有权力和特权。
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【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】语篇衔接题。when意为“当…时候”,也可表示条件。本题上下句之间是条件关系,其意为:如果一个人有了新土地自谋生路,他就不会为了赚钱而替别人工作,故选项B when符合题意。A but表示转折关系;C while意为“当…时候”,有转折、对比、递进的意义,但无条件的意义;D so意为“因此”,表示结果。
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【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】语义搭配题。cultivate意为“耕作”,此处需要一个动词与名词land搭配,故选项A cultivate符合题意。B culminate (in)意为“达到最高点,最后终于变成”,例如:Their many years of research have finally culminated in a cure for the disease. C calculate意为“计算”,例如:The cost of the damage has been calculated as/at over $2 million. D conceive(of/that/how)意为“想象”,例如:I can't conceive how anyone could behave so cruelly.
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【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】词语辨识题。supply意为“提供”,此处指的是家庭所提供的帮助,故选项D supplies符合题意。A request意为“请求”;B deploy意为“部署,展开”,例如:The firm is reconsidering the way in which it deploys its resources. C imply意为“暗示”。全句可译为:一个人购买土地不会超出他的耕作能力范围,或者不会超出其家人所能提供的帮助的范围。
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【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】语义搭配题。bear意为“具有,拥有(称号、标记等)”,例如:(1)Their baby bears a strong resemblance to its grandmother. (2)He had borne the burden of guilt for many years. 上文已经提到,土地很廉价,拥有土地并不意味着被赋予(confer)了权力和特权,此处又说到Hence, again land ______ little or no rent,所以此处所选的词必定为confer的同义词,故选项C bears正确。A foster意为“养育,培养”,例如:She is trying to foster an interest in classical music in her daughter. B promote意为“促进,增长”;D contribute (to)意为“捐助;有贡献;有助于”,例如:A proper amount of exercise contributes to good health. 全句可译为:土地能获得的租金很少,或几乎不能获得租金。
单选题    
 
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】近义词辨析题。wage意为“手工/体力劳动所得报酬”,常以时间/工件为计算单位,例如:The miner's wage is usually very high,根据文章内容,开发土地的是体力劳动者,他们的报酬应为选项A wages(工钱)。B salary意为“工资”,是技术性较强的职业或脑力劳动所得的固定报酬,例如:His monthly salary is merely sufficient to support his family. C reward意为“回报,报酬”,常指为好的行为或工作而付出的报酬,例如:There's a reward for whoever finishes first. D award意为“奖金/奖状/奖章等奖品”,通常为正式决定颁给某人的东西,通常是奖励,例如:Who do you think should win the Academy Award for Best Director this year?全句可译为:因此,社会中也就没有靠租金为生的地主或靠工钱过活的雇农,而只有属于中产阶级的自耕农。
单选题    
 
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】语义搭配题。substantially意为“本质上,充分地”,例如:This model has a few extra fittings, but the two cars are substantially the same. (这款车有一些特别的配置,但这两辆车在本质上是一样的。)原文此处指的是全体社会成员之间是充分平等的,故选项C substantially正确。A intentionally意为“故意地”;B potentially意为“潜在地”;D consistently意为“一贯地,始终一致地”,例如:The occasional mistake doesn't matter, but if you get it consistently wrong you're in trouble.
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【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】语义搭配题。be based on意为“建立在…基础上”,根据文义,民主是以平等为基础的,故选项B based正确。A fertilize意为“施肥”;C draw (on)意为“穿戴;催促某人;(时间)迫近,依赖等”,例如:From time to time,we tend to draw on his knowledge. D guarantee意为“保证,担保”,例如:European airliner guarantees top-quality service for its customers. 全句可译为:全体社会成员间的关系是充分平等的,民主成为了政治形式。因为这是唯一一个真正实现了平等的社会,而平等正是民主的基础。
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【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】语义搭配题。reinforce意为“强化”,例如:One of the unforeseen consequences of the reforms was that they reinforced difference between the east and west of the country. (改革引发的一个始料未及的后果是加剧了东西部之间的地区差异。)根据上下文内容,前面谈及民主的产生在于各社会成员间充分平等,下文谈到教育公民懂得freedom, independence等,这是对民主的进一步强化,故选项D reinforced正确。其他选项:A influence意为“影响”,不够准确;B check意为“阻止,查对”,与句意相反;C reshape意为“改造”,与句意不符。全句可译为:别的一些事实也强化了这种民主效果。
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【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】语义搭配题。characteristic指人或物显露出的与其他人或物不同的持续的品质,例如:What are the characteristics of the present situation?根据句意,下面所提及的是这种行业的特征,故选项B characteristic正确。其他选项:A feature意为“特色”,指某一事物引人注意的部分或细节,而不指性质,例如:A high chimney is the most distinctive feature of the factory. C essence意为“本质”,事物最基本的、必不可少的特质;D fundamental意为“基本原理,建立系统/结构/机构的基础”。
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【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】语义搭配题。(call) for意为“要求”,根据句意,采掘业仅需少量资金和简单的劳动组织,故选项D for符合题意。其他选项虽可与call构成短语,但意思不符。A (call) off意为“取消”;B (call) on意为“拜访某人”;C (call) to意为“向…喊,向…发出特有的叫声”。全句可译为:采掘业只需要一个简单的劳动组织和少量资金,只有某些采矿业除外。
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【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】语义搭配题。speedily意为“快速地”,根据原文内容,移民很容易获得土地,所以他们成为his own master的时间非常快,故选项A speedily正确。其他选项:B merrily意为“愉快地”;C unfortunately意为“不幸地”;D amusingly意为“令人发笑地,有趣地”,都不能说明移民获得土地的快速和容易。
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【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】语义搭配题。选项D reliance意为“信任”,与self连用,意为“自立”,符合文义。其他选项:A autonomy意为“自治”;B regulation与self连用,意为“自我调节”;C independence意为“独立”,不能与self连用。全句可译为:因此,他们允许工人快速拥有土地,从而使他们成为自己的主人。他们还教育工人懂得自由、独立和自立。
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【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】语义搭配题。vaguely意为“模糊地”,根据下文it is easy to ______ from one class of occupations, and consequently from one social grade, to another可知,社会中各阶层的界限不严格,即比较模糊,故选项B vaguely正确。其他选项:A obviously意为“一目了然地”;C positively意为“肯定地”;D apparently意为“明显地”,均与题意不符。
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【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】形近词辨析题。transfer意为“转换,调换(工作等)”,根据句意,从某一阶层的职业换成另一阶层的职业是比较容易的,从而导致其社会阶层的改变,故选项A transfer正确。其他选项:B transform意为“改造,使…变形”;C transmit意为“传播,传导”;D transport意为“交通”,均与题意不符。
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【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】语义搭配题。densely意为“(人口)密集地,密度大地”,根据前面的compared...with可知,下面讨论的是与under-populated相对应的社会,只能是人口众多的社会,故选项B densely正确。其他选项:A sporadically=happening irregularly,意为“零星地,断断续续地”,例如:The volcanoes have been erupting sporadically over the last 10 years. C loosely意为“松散地”;D neatly意为“整洁地”,均与题意不符。全句可译为:最后,在同等条件下,与人口稠密的国家相比,一个人所受的教育、学到的技能以及受到的高级培训在人口不足的国家里没什么用。
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【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】语义搭配题。advantage意为“优势”,原文提到,在人口不足的国家里,教育、技能与培训并没有什么用,这对于那些从事体力劳动的人是有好处的,故选项A advantages正确。选项B disadvantage意为“弊端”,与句意相反;C gain意为“收获”,与句意无关;D deficit意为“缺点,不足”,与句意相反。
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【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】语义搭配题。coarse意为“粗糙的,品质差的”,此句提到的unskilled, manual occupations与science, literature, and art相比就是粗活,故选项B coarse正确。其他选项:A flexible意为“有弹性的”,不与occupations连用;C presentable意为“拿得出手的,像样的”;D masculine意为“有男子气概的”,体力劳动与男子气概无关。全句可译为:在人口不足的国家里,有优势的是从事工作要求低的、无一技之长的体力劳动者,而不是那些在科学、文学以及艺术上有较高造诣的人。