单选题 SectionD(10marks) Question71—75arebasedonthefollowingpassage Nocreaturecanstrideashumanbeings.Theyarenotphysicallydesignedtosupportandbalanceaverticalbodybalancedontwolonglowerlimbs,propelledforwardbyafootengineeredexclusivelyforbodysupportandforwardpropulsionandtodosowithastrideathigh-speedlocomotion.Whileotherbipedswalkinasimilarfashion,humanwalkisunique.Bipedalismitselfoffersnocomparisonwiththedistinctivehumangaitform.And,significantly,nootherbipedcanactuallycovermorethanatinyfractionofthewalkingdistancethatcanbesustainedbyhumans. Stridingrequiresaspecialdesignofhip,knee,ananklejoints,plusanarchedfoot,pluslonglower-limbbones.Those“finishingtouches”demandedextendedevolutionarytime.Stridingprovidednumerousadvantagesoverthesimplesteppinggait.Forexample,theabilitytocovertwicethedistancewiththesamenumberofstepsisadefinitesurvivaladvantage.Italsoaddedmuchspeedtorunning,moreheighttojumping. Noneofthiswouldhavebeenpossiblewithout,first,afootequippedtosupportandbalanceanerectbodyandtoproducetheleveragenecessarytopropelthebodyforwardinlocomotion.Theapefootwasnotsuitedforthis.Anewkindoffootwasessentialifthosehominidsweretobecomefull-scalebipeds.Indeedapairofhumanfeethasone-fourthofallthebody’s206bonesand244joints.Whythisextraordinarynumberofbonesandjointsconcentratedinsuchasmallpartofthebody?(74)Becausetheintricatenetworkofthemanydifferentpartsrequirednotonlyforsupportingandbalancingaheavysuperstructurebuttoenablethemultiplemotionsandactions,hundredsorthousandsoftimesdaily.Nootherpartofthebodycomesevenclosetotheamountanddegreeofstressesimposedonit. Thehumanfoothadtogothroughanextensiveevolutionarydevelopmentinwhichitunderwentenormousdesignchangesincoheringits28bones,37jointsand107ligaments,and32musclesandtendonstoadapttothebodyweightandnumeroustorsions.(75)Infact,itprobablywasn’tuntilonlyabout400,000yearsagothatearlyhumanswerefullystriding,thefinaltouchofhumangait.OrthopedistPhilipJ.MayerwritesintheOrthopedistReview:“Thedevelopmentofatruestrideonanorthopedicfootwasthemostcrucialofallthestepsofhumanevolutions.”Naturehadperhapsneverundertakenananatomicalengineeringprojectofsuchcomplexity.
问答题 Question71—73 Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothepassage. 71.What’sthedifferencesbetweenhumansandotherbipedsregardingwalkingdistance?
【正确答案】No other biped can actually cover more than a tiny fraction of the walking distance that can be sustained by humans.
【答案解析】(根据文章第一段内容可知不是所有的两足动物都能像人一样。答案为最后一句。)
问答题 Whyisthehumanfootequippedthewayitis?
【正确答案】It is equipped to support and balance an erect body and to produce the leverage necessary to propel the body forward in locomotion.
【答案解析】(根据文章第三段第一句，本句承上启下，解释人类脚的独特构造及原因。)
问答题 What kind of evolution has the human foot undergone?
【正确答案】It has undergone enomous design changes in cohering its 28 bones, 37 joints and 107 ligaments, and 32 muscles and tendons to adapt to the body weight and numerous torsions.
【答案解析】(根据文章第四段内容，人类的脚经过了长期的进化来适应人类的身体，最终达到能够支持身体重量，活动时的受力等等。)
问答题 Question74—75 TranslatetheunderlinedsentencesinthepassageintoChinese. (74)Becausetheintricatenetworkofthemanydifferentpartsrequirednotonlyforsupportingandbalancingaheavysuperstructurebuttoenablethemultiplemotionsandactions,hundredsorthousandsoftimesdaily.
【正确答案】这些不同部分构成的错综复杂的网络，不仅需要支持和平衡沉重的身躯，还需要保证每天几百或几千次的动作。
【答案解析】(not only…but(also) 仅…而且。intricate错综复杂的。multiple多种多样的。)
问答题 Infact,itprobablywasn’tuntilonlyabout400,000yearsagothatearlyhumanswerefullystriding,thefinaltouchofhumangait.
【正确答案】事实上，直到约40万年前，早期的人类才完全直立行走，完成了人类步态的进化。
【答案解析】(not…until的强调句型，直到…才。直到40万年前早期人类才完全直立行走。fully理解为完全。)