单选题 The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive humane care in hospital-like environments and treatment, which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid-1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800sand early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten.
These conditions continued until after Word War Ⅱ. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses therefore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper called attention to the plight of the mental illness. Improvements were made, and Dr. David Vail's Humane Practices program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s.At that time, the Civil Rights Movement led lawyers to investigate America's prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons—the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered "crazy" and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice which, once exposed was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience.
Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simple cannot be mandated by a court so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient fights and return it to the state mental health administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patients' rights are respected.

单选题 The main purpose of the passage is to______.
A．discuss the influence of Dorothea Dix on the mental health movement
B．shock the reader with vivid descriptions of asylums
C．increase public awareness of the plight of the mentally ill
D．provide a historical perspective on problems of mental health care

单选题 The passage provides information that would help answer all of the following questions EXCEPT______.
A．Who are some people who have had an important influence on the public health movement in the United States?
B．What were some of the mental illnesses that were considered untreatable until the 1950s?
C．What were some of the most important legal cases that contributed to the new concern for patients' rights?
D．What were some of the new treatments for mental illness that were adopted in the 1950s?

单选题 It can be inferred from the passage that had the Civil Rights Movement not prompted an investigation of prison conditions,______.
A．conditions in mental hospitals might have escaped judicial scrutiny
B．new treatments for major mental illnesses would likely have remained untested
C．the Civil Rights Movement in America would have been politically ineffective
D．states would never have established asylums for the mentally ill

单选题 The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as______.
A．cautiously optimistic B．overly emotional
C．cleverly deceptive D．stridently contentious

单选题 Which of the following would be the most appropriate topic for the author to address in the next paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?______.
A．An analysis of landmark cases affecting the civil rights of prisoners and patients in hospitals for the criminally insane.______.
B．A discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of treatments that might result in the release of mentally ill persons.______.
C．An outline of standards to guide mental health administrators in caring for mentally ill patients while respecting their civil rights.
D．A proposal to place the administration of mental hospitals directly under the control of the judiciary.