单选题 In an average winter, highway departments spread some ten million tons of salt to keep roads safe. The corrosive effects are well known, but for years they"ve been dismissed with the argu-ment that at around $25 a ton, salt is far cheaper than any alternative.
Lately, economists have added up the actual costs. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that salt-induced road damage and vehicle corrosion cost $3 billion a year. That does not include damage to underground cables, which adds hundreds of millions to utility bills. Nor does it reflect the cost or salty water leaking into roadbeds, which kills evergreens and poisons streams.
The various costs probably add another $2 billion to the national salt bill. Scientists esti-mate the full economic, or "life cycle", cost for a ton of salt at $500, or 20 times the $25 pur-chase price. That begins to make the switch to calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), perhaps the most promising alternative, look practical. CMA costs $600 a ton and has minimal side effect. Some researchers believe the cost can be halved by making CMA from waste cheese whey (乳浆).
While CMA and other alternatives are being researched, many cities and states are cutting back on their use of salt.
单选题 In the second sentence of Para. 1, the word "they" refers to ______.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题是一道测试词汇含义题。问文章第一段第二句话中的代词they指代什么。根据文章上下文,在一个普通的冬天,为保证道路安全,公路部门要撒掉大约1000万吨食盐。食盐的腐蚀作用是众所周知的,但是,多少年来这些腐蚀作用并未被当成一回事,其理由是:25美元左右一吨食盐,比用任何替代品都便宜。由此我们知道they应该指代的是前文中复数名词。因此,本题的正确答案应是A“盐的那些腐蚀作用”。
单选题 It can be inferred from the passage that for many years salt has been used to keep roads safe because ______.
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】本题是一道暗示引申类问题。问我们可以从文章中推断出多年来人们用食盐保持道路安全的原因是什么。根据文章第一段内容,为保证道路安全,公路部门要撒掉大约1000万吨食盐。食盐的腐蚀作用是众所周知的,但是,多少年来这些腐蚀作用并未被当成一回事,其理由是:25美元左右一吨食盐,比用任何替代品都便宜。因此,本题的正确答案应是C“因为人们认为盐相对来说比较便宜”。
单选题 The writer implies that using salt to keep roads safe has all the following disadvantages but the fact that ______.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题是一道判断是非题。问作者暗示用盐保持道路安全有诸多不利,以下哪个不是作者暗示的不利方面。根据文章第二段内容,最近,经济学家们计算了实际花费。据环保局估计,由食盐引起的路面损坏及车辆腐蚀每年损失30亿美元。这并不包括对地下电缆的损坏,这笔损失给各项费用支出增加了数亿美元;它也不包括盐水渗入路基所致的损失费用,盐水杀死绿色植被,并且污染河流。因此,本题的正确答案应是B“食盐污染空气”,在原文中作者没有提到。
单选题 CMA is being researched because it is thought to ______.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】本题是一道具体细节题。问人们正在研究CMA的原因是什么。利用查阅式阅读法,我们可以在文章的第三段后半部分找到相关信息。这部分指出,由于食盐的使用所带来的一系列费用,人们便开始改用钙镁醋酸盐(CMA),也许钙镁醋酸盐是最有开发前途的替代品,而且也很实用。每吨CMA价值600美元,副作用最小。科研人员相信,用废干酪乳浆制取CMA可使费用减半。因此,本题的正确答案是B“使用CMA的副作用更少”。
单选题 With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】本题是一道问及文章主题类问题。通读全文,我们不难总结出本文的中心主题是关于为保证道路安全减少食盐的使用与寻找食盐替代品的问题。因此,本题的正确答案应是A。