Heat action plans,or HAPs,have been proliferating in India in the past few years.In general,a HAP spells out when and how officials should issue heat warnings and alert hospitals and other institutions.Nagpur's plan, for instance,calls for hospitals to set aside "cold wards"in the summer for treating heatstroke patients,and advises builders to give construction laborers a break from work on very hot days.
But implementation of existing HAPs has been uneven,according to a report from the Centre for Policy Research.Many lack adequate funding,it found.And their triggering thresholds often are not customized to the local climate.In some areas,high daytime temperatures alone might serve as an adequate trigger for alerts.But in other places,nighttime temperatures or humidity might be as important a gauge of risk as daytime highs.
Mumbai's April heatstroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized warnings,researchers say.That day's high temperature of roughly 36℃ was 1℃ shy of the heat wave alert threshold for coastal cities set by national meteorological authorities.But the effects of the heat were amplified by humidity—an often neglected factor in heat alert systems -and the lack of shade at the late-morning outdoor ceremony.
To help improve HAPs,urban planner Rajashree Kotharkar's team is working on a model plan that outlines best practices and could be adapted to local conditions.Among other things,she says,all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at risk.
Such mapping doesn't need to be complex,Kotharkar says."A useful map can be created by looking at even a few key parameters."For example, neighborhoods with a large elderly population or informal dwellings might be poorer with heat could get special warnings or be bolstered with cooling centers.The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability map,which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event of a heat wave this summer.
HAPs shouldn't just include short-term emergency responses, researchers say,but also recommend medium-to long-term measures that could make communities cooler.In Nagpur,for example,Kotharkar's team has been able to advise city officials about where to plant trees to provide shade.HAPs could also guide efforts to retrofit homes or modify building regulations."Reducing deaths in an emergency is good target to have,but it's the lowest target,"says climate researcher Chandri Singh.
According to paragraph one, Nagpur's plan proposes measures to_________.
该题为细节题，问 Nagpur's plan 提出的各项措施的⽬的。⽂中提到过去⼏年中，⾼温⾏动计划（HAPs）如 ⾬后春笋般涌现。随即介绍⾼温⾏动计划的具体内容：规定官员应在何时 以及如何发布⾼温预警，并向医院和其他机构发出警报，然后给出 Nagpur's plan 这个例⼦。由此可知，Nagpur's plan 中提出的各项措施主要是为了应 对⾼温天⽓，也就是应对极端天⽓。
One problem with existing HAPs is that they________.
该题为细节题，问 现有的⾼温⾏动计划存在的问题。⽂中说 their triggering thresholds often are not customized to the local climate（它们的触发阈值往往不是根据当地⽓候 定制的），这就是现有的⾼温⾏动计划存在的问题。
Mumbai's case shows that India's heat alert systems need to ________.
该题为例证题，问 孟买的例⼦表明印度的⾼温预警系统需要做什么。⽂中说 Mumbai’s April heat stroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized warnings, researchers say. That day’s high temperature of roughly 36°C was 1°C shy of the heat wave alert threshold for coastal cities set by national meteorological authorities. But the effects of the heat were amplified by humidity—an often neglected factor in heat alert systems—and the lack of shade at the late-morning outdoor ceremony（孟买 4 ⽉份发⽣的中暑死亡事 件凸显了发出更细致、更本地化预警的必要性。当天的最⾼⽓温约为 36° C，距离国家⽓象部⻔为沿海城市设定的热浪警报阈值还差 1°C。但是， 湿度——这个在⾼温预警系统中经常被忽视的因素——以及深夜户外仪式 上缺乏遮阳物，都放⼤了⾼温的影响）。由此可知，印度的⾼温预警系统 不能只考虑⽓温这⼀因素，还需要考虑湿度等因素的影响。
Kotharkar holds that a vulnerability map can help ________.
该题是细节题， 问的是 Kotharka 认为脆弱性地图能起到什么作⽤。⽂中说 all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at risk（所有城市都应绘制⼀张脆弱性地图，以帮助将应对措施重点放在⻛险 最⼤的⼈群上）以及 The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability map, which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event of a heat wave this summer（那格浦尔 项⽬已经绘制了⼀张⻛险和脆弱性地图，这让科塔卡尔能够告诉官员们， 如果今年夏天出现热浪，应该重点关注哪些社区），由此可知，脆弱性地 图可以帮助找出需要特殊关注的区域。
According to the last paragraph,researchers believe that HAPs should________.
该题为细节题，问 的是研究⼈员认为⾼温⾏动计划应该如何。⽂中说 Kotharkar’s team has been able to advise city officials about where to plant trees to provide shade. HAPs could also guide efforts to retrofit homes or tweak building regulations （Kotharkar 的团队能够向市政官员建议在哪⾥植树造林以提供树荫。 HAPs 还可以为改造房屋或调整建筑法规提供指导。）由此可知，研究⼈ 员认为 HAPs 的⽤途可以更加⼴泛。