Psychologists take contrastive views of how external rewards，from{{U}} (31) {{/U}}praise to cold cash，affect motivation and creativity．Behaviorists，{{U}} (32) {{/U}}research the relation{{U}} (33) {{/U}}actions and their consequences argue that rewards Can improve performance at work and school．Cognitive researchers，who study various aspects of mental life，maintain{{U}} (34) {{/U}}rewards often destroy creativity{{U}} (35) {{/U}}encouraging dependence{{U}} (36) {{/U}}approval and gifts from others．
The latter view has gained many supporters，especially{{U}} (37) {{/U}}educators．But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks{{U}} (38) {{/U}}in grade-school children，suggesting{{U}} (39) {{/U}}properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness，{{U}} (40) {{/U}}to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology．
“If kids know they're working for a{{U}} (41) {{/U}}and can focus{{U}} (42) {{/U}}a relatively challenging task，they show the most creativity”，says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark．“But it's easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for{{U}} (43) {{/U}}performance or creating too{{U}} (44) {{/U}}anticipation for rewards．”
A teacher{{U}} (45) {{/U}}continually draws attention to rewards or who hands{{U}} (46) {{/U}}high grades for ordinary achievement ends up{{U}} (47) {{/U}}discouraged students，Eisenberger holds．{{U}} (48) {{/U}}an example of the latter point，he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing{{U}} (49) {{/U}}
In earlier grades，the use of so-called token economies，in{{U}} (50) {{/U}}students handle challenging problem sand receive performance-based points toward valued rewards，shows promise in raising effort and creativity，the Delaware psychologist claims．