单选题   Technology can make us smarter or stupider, and we need to develop a set of principles to guide our everyday behavior and make sure that tech is improving and not hindering our mental processes. One of the big questions being debated today is: What kind of information do we need to have stored in our heads, and what kind can we leave 'in the cloud, ' to be accessed as necessary?
    An increasingly powerful group within education are championing 'digital literacy'. In their view, skills beat knowledge, developing 'digital literacy' is more important than learning mere content, and all facts are now Google-able and therefore unworthy of committing to memory. But even the most sophisticated digital literacy skills won't help students and workers navigate the world if they don't have a broad base of knowledge about how the world actually operates. If you focus on the delivery mechanism and not the content, you're doing kids a disservice.
    Indeed, evidence from cognitive science challenges the notion that skills can exist independent of factual knowledge. Data from the last thirty years leads to a conclusion that is not scientifically challengeable: thinking well requires knowing facts, and that's true not only because you need something to think about. The very processes that teachers care about most—critical thinking processes—are intimately intertwined (交织) with factual knowledge that is stored in long-term memory.
    In other words, just because you can Google the date of Black Tuesday doesn't mean you understand why the Great Depression happened or how it compares to our recent economic slump. There is no doubt that the students of today, and the workers of tomorrow, will need to innovate, collaborate and evaluate. But such skills can't be separated from the knowledge that gives rise to them. To innovate, you have to know what came before. To collaborate, you have to contribute knowledge to the joint venture. And to evaluate, you have to compare new information against knowledge you've already mastered.
    So here's a principle for thinking in a digital world, in two parts. First, acquire a base of factual knowledge in any domain in which you want to perform well. This base supplies the essential foundation for building skills, and it can't be outsourced (外包) to a search engine.
    Second, take advantage of computers' invariable memory, but also the brain's elaborative memory. Computers are great when you want to store information that shouldn't change. But brains are the superior choice when you want information to change, in interesting and useful ways: to connect up with other facts and ideas, to acquire successive layers of meaning, to steep for a while in your accumulated knowledge and experience and so produce a richer mental brew.
单选题     What is the author's concern about the use of technology?______
 
 
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】由题干中的the use of technology定位到第一段第一句。 推理判断题。由定位句可知,作者认为,技术具有两面性,能够让人变得更聪明,也能够让人变得更愚蠢。因此作者主张制订一套原则来引导日常行为,确保技术能够不断提高而非妨碍人的思维过程。由此可知,作者担心技术可能会妨碍人的思维过程,或者说阻碍人思维能力的发展。故本题答案为D。 [参考译文] 技术能够让我们变得更聪明,或者更愚蠢。我们需要制订一套原则来引导日常行为,确保技术能够不断提高而非妨碍我们的思维过程。当前存在很多有争议的重要问题,其中之一便是:我们需要将什么样的信息储存到大脑中?哪些类别的信息可以放在“云中”,仅在需要的时候取出? 教育界中有一个越来越强势的群体正在支持“数字素养”。在他们看来,技能可以击败知识,发展“数字素养”比单纯学习内容更为重要,现在所有信息都可以通过Google等搜索引擎进行搜索.因此不值得去记忆。但是。如果学生们和工作人员对于世界真正运行的方式不具备广博的知识基础,即使最为高级的数字素养技能也无法帮助他们畅行天下。如果你只关注输送机制,而不关注内容,那么实际上你是在给孩子们帮倒忙。 事实上,对于“技能可以不依靠事实性知识而独立存在”的看法,认知科学得出的证据对其提出了质疑。过去三十年的数据得出了一个结论:良好的思维需要了解事实,这一点千真万确,并不仅仅因为你需要一些东西来进行思考。这个结论在科学上是毋庸置疑的。教师们最为关注的过程当属批判性思维过程,而这一过程与储存在大脑长期记忆中的事实性知识紧密交织在一起。 换句话说,仅仅因为你能够在网络上搜索到“黑色星期二”的日期并不意味着你明白大萧条发生的原因或者它与最近出现的经济衰退有何异同。毫无疑问的是,现在的学生,也就是未来的工作人员,需要创新、合作和评估。但是,这些技能根本无法与产生它们的知识分离。若要创新,必须要了解之前的情况;若要合作,必须将知识与合资企业共享;而若要评估,则必须将新信息与已经掌握的知识进行比较。 所以,在数字世界里思维需要遵循一个原则。这个原则包括两部分。首先,在任何想要大展宏图的领域,你都必须掌握基本的事实性知识。这些基本知识为培养技能打下了至关重要的基础,而这些基本知识是无法外包给搜索引擎的。 其次,不但要充分利用计算机的不变记忆,而且还要充分利用大脑的精细记忆。在存储不应该出现变化的信息方面,计算机的功能非常强大。但是,如果你希望信息以有趣的、有用的方式发生变化,以便能够与其他事实和观点联系起来,或者获取意义的连续层,或者暂时沉浸在已经积累的知识和经验中,从而酝酿出更为丰富的思维,那么大脑无疑将是更好的选择。
单选题     What is the view of educators who advocate digital literacy?______
 
 
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】由题干中的the view of educators和advocate digital literacy定位到第二段第一、二句。 推理判断题。第一句提到,教育界中有一个强势群体支持“数字素养”;第二句中用In their view明确引出他们的观点:技能可以击败知识,发展“数字素养”比单纯学习内容更为重要,现在的所有信息都可以通过Google等搜索引擎进行搜索,因此不值得去记忆。D“使孩子们摆脱记忆事实的负担”与文中的“不值得去记忆”意思相符,因此答案为D。
单选题     What does evidence from cognitive science show?______
 
 
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】由题干中的evidence from cognitive science和题文同序原则定位到第三段。 推理判断题。由定位段第一句可知,认知科学得出的证据对“技能可以不依靠事实性知识而独立存在”的看法提出了质疑。第三段最后一句更明确地指出,批判性思维过程与储存在大脑长期记忆中的事实性知识紧密交织在一起。换句话说,批判性思维是建立在事实性知识基础之上的,因此答案为B。
单选题     What does the author think is key to making evaluations?______
 
 
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】由题干中的making evaluations定位到第四段第二句和最后一句。 语义理解题。第二句提到,现在的学生,也就是未来的工作人员,需要创新、合作和评估;最后一句指出了进行评估的关键:必须将新信息与已经掌握的知识进行比较。C“将新信息和已经积累的知识联系起来”与第四段最后一句意思相符,因此答案为C。
单选题     What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?______
 
 
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】本题需要通读全文得出答案。 主旨大意题。文章开篇指出,技术有可能让我们变得更愚蠢;接着介绍了支持“数字素养”的人的观点——技能比知识更重要;在树立这个靶子之后,作者对这种观点进行了反驳,指出技能必须依靠事实性知识而存在,而且批判性思维过程也与事实性知识紧密交织在一起,从而强调了事实性知识的重要性;文章最后指出在数字世界里思维必须掌握基本的事实性知识,还要充分利用大脑的精细记忆。综上可知,作者撰写此文的目的是质疑过分强调“数字素养”的观点,因此答案为D。