Directions: In this section, there is a short passage followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. Read the passage carefully and then give brief answers to the questions or to complete the unfinished statements.

Passage 8

Women who apply for jobs in middle or senior management have a higher success rate than men, according to an employment survey. But of course far fewer or they apply for these positions. The study, by recruitment consultants NB Sections, shows that while one in six men who appear on interview shortlists get jobs, the figure rises to one in four for women. 

Reasons for higher success rates among women are difficult to isolate. One explanation suggested is that if a woman candidate manages to get on a shortlist, then she has probably already proved herself to be an exceptional candidate. Dr. Marx said that when women apply for positions they tend to be better qualified than their male counterparts but are more selective and conservative in their job search. Women tend to research thoroughly before applying for positions or attending interviews. Men, in the other hand, seem to rely on their ability to sell themselves and to convince employers that any shortcomings they have will not prevent them from doing a good job. 

Managerial and executive progress made by women is confirmed by the annual survey of boards of directors carried out by Korn nternational. This year the survey shows a doubling of the number of women serving as non- executive directors compared with the previous year. However, progress remains painfully slow and there were still only 18 posts filled by women out of a total of 345 non-executive positions surveyed. Hilary Sears, a partner with Korn/Ferry, said, Women have raised the level of grades we are employed in but we have still not broken through barriers to the top. 

In Europe a recent feature of corporate life in the recession has been the de-layering of management structures. Sears said that this has halted progress for women in as much as de-layering has taken place either where women are working in layers they aspire to. Sears also noted a positive trend from the recession, which has been the growing number of women who have stared up on their own. 

In business as a whole, there are a number of factors encouraging the prospect of greater equality in the workforce. Demographic trends suggest that the number of women going into employment is steadily increasing. In addition a far greater number of women are now passing through higher education, making them better qualified to move into management position. Organizations such as the European Women’s Management Development Network provide a range of opportunities for women to enhance their skills and contacts. 

However, Ariane Antal, director of the International Institute for Organizational Change of Archamps in France, said that there is only anecdotal evidence of changes in recruitment patterns. And she said. "it’s still so hard for women to even get onto shortlists--there are so many hurdles and barriers. " Antal agreed that there have been some positive signs but said, "Until there is a belief among employers, until they value the difference, nothing will change. "