单选题 In a recent survey, Garber and Hohz concluded that the average half-hour children's television show contains 47 violent acts. When asked about the survey network television executive Jean Pater responded. " I sure as heck don't think that Bugs Bunny's pouring a glass of milk over a chip-munk's head is violence. " Unfortunately, both Garber and Holtz and Pater beg the question. The real issue is whether children view such acts as violence.
The violence programming aimed at children almost always appears in the context of fantasy. Cartoon violence generally includes animation, humor, and a remote setting. There is no evidence of direct imitation of television violence by children, though there is evidence that fantasy violence can energize previously learned aggressive response such as a physical attack on another child during play. It is by no means clear, however, that the violence in a portrayal is solely responsible for this energizing effect. Rather, the evidence suggests that any exciting material can trigger subsequent aggressive behavior and that it is the excitation rather than the portrayal of violence that instigates or energizes any subsequent violent behavior. "Cold" imitation of violence by children is extremely rare, and the very occasional evidence of direct, imitative associations between television violence and aggressive behavior has been limited to extremely novel and violent acts by teenagers or adults with already established patterns of deviant behavior. The institutional effect means, in the short term, that exposure to violent portrayals could be dangerous if shortly after the exposure (within 15 to 20 minutes), the child happens to be in a situation that calls for interpersonal aggression'as an appropriate response, for example, an argument between siblings or among peers. This same institutional effect, however, could be produced by other exciting but nonviolent television content or by any other excitational source, including, ironically, a parent's turning off the set.
So there is no convincing causal evidence of any cumulative instigational effects such as more aggressive or violent dispositions in children. In fact, passivity is a more likely long term result of heavy viewing of television violence. The evidence does not warrant the strong conclusions advanced by many critics who tend to use television violence as a scapegoat to draw public attention away from the real causes of violence—causes like abusive spouses and parents and a culture that celebrates violence generally.

单选题 The word "beg" underlined in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.

单选题 The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 根据第一段最后一句“The real issue is whether children view such acts as violence.”和最后一段第一句“So there is no convincing causal evidence of any cumulative instigational effects such as more aggressive or violent dispositions in children.”可知，真正的问题在于孩子是否将这样的行为看做暴力。然而，并没有令人信服的证据证明这些暴力和侵略性的行为在孩子身上有累积的刺激影响。所以A项“纠正一种普遍的误解”符合题意。B项“解决一个严重的社会问题”，C项“批评一些早期的研究”，D项“提出一些犯罪理论”，文章的目的只是纠正一种社会普遍的误解，而不是其他，所以这三项都不正确。

单选题 The phase "by no means" underlined in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.

单选题 According to the author, the immediate effect of TV cartoons on children is that they become ______.

单选题 The word "ironically" underlined in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ______.

单选题 The boldfaced word "appropriate" in Paragraph 2 means ______.

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 根据第二段的内容“the child happens to be in a situation that calls for interpersonal aggression as an appropriate response, for example, an argument between siblings or among peers”可以推断出appropriate在此处的意思是“适当的”，C项“正常的；正规的，标准的”和它意思相近。A项“道德的；精神上的；品性端正的”。B项“令人愉快的；和蔼可亲的”，D项“有礼貌的，客气的；文雅的；上流的；优雅的”。这三项和appropriate意思都不同。

单选题 If there is an argument between siblings one hour after their watching some TV violence, these children would ______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 根据第二段的内容“in the short term，that exposure to violent portrayals could be dangerous if shortly after the exposure(within 15 to 20 minutes)”可知，在短时间内，如果孩子们看完暴力影片之后不久(15～20分钟)就陷入暴力之中，那是危险的。但是，题目所说是一个小时后，所以D项正确。A项“好像陷入一种完全对父母的被动状态中”，B项“比其他场合攻击性好像弱了”，C项“不可能陷入暴力活动中，只是保持和平状态”，这三项和文中第二段内容不符合。

单选题 The word "scapegoat" underlined in the last Paragraph refers to ______.

单选题 As the evidence shows, who would most likely imitate TV violence?

单选题 The last paragraph indicates the truth that ______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 根据文中最后一段的内容“The evidence does not warrant the strong conclusions advanced by many critics who tend to use television violence as a scapegoat to draw public attention away from the real causes of violence-causes like abusive spouses and parents and a culture that celebrates violence generally.”可知，暴力的真正原因是：虐待配偶和父母，以及经常赞美暴力的文化环境。也就是说，家庭和社会环境在孩子的暴力行为上占据重要角色，所以应该选择D。A项“电视暴力使一些孩子变得更暴力，另一些更被动”，B项“长期暴露在电视暴力中是孩子暴力的主要原因”，C项“暴力和电视关系很小，但是和孩子的本性关系很大”，这三项和文中最后一段内容不符合。