问答题Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments
into Chinese. The differences in relative growth of
various areas of scientific research have several causes. {{U}} {{U}}
1 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Some of these causes are completely reasonable results
of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in
science being to some extent self-ac-celerating.{{/U}} Some, however, are less
reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form
scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the
growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet
unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. {{U}} {{U}} 2
{{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}This trend began during the Second World War, when several
governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government
wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in
detail.{{/U}} It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions, will
arise which will require specific scientific answers, it is therefore generally
valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be
kept in functional order. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}This
seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not
related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the
future.{{/U}} This kind of support, like all government support,
requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on
utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among
projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the
supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good" as opposed to
"bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the
idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in
question to generate an elegant theory. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}}
{{/U}}{{U}}However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle
unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful
aspects.{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}New forms of thought
as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in
past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.{{/U}}