填空题
Maintaining an imperial tradition that originated from the Zhou
Dynasty( c. 1066-221 BC) ,the Ming emperors selected the location and design of
their tombs while they were still alive. The selection of sites, based on the
prevailing winds and the water level, ensured that only benevolent spirits were
inhabiting the area. Of the 16 Ming emperors, 13 chose to be buried in this
serene valley (Shisanling) just north of Beijing. The Sacred Way.
The road to the tombs, which branches off the route to the Great Wall, was once
a 6.4km. (4mi.)long sacred way, forbidden to all but the emperor's funeral
cottege. The road begins at a five-arched marble gate, built in 1540. A mile
further down stands a three-arched gateway, the Dahongmen( Great Red
Gate). The emperor's body was carried through the central archway. Only on
this one occasion was the center door opened. Just beyond the gate sits a huge
stone tortoise( symbol of longevity) with a 9.1m. (30ft.) stele mounted on its
back. The stele, the largest such tablet in China, was inscribed by the fourth
Ming emperor at the time of the death of his predecessor, Yong Le, in 1424. This
tortoise marks the beginning of the famous Avenue of the Animals. Lions, camels,
elephants, horses, and two sets of mythical ( or at least unrecognizable)
beasts, 12 statues in all, line either side of the road, alternately standing
and kneeling and most, these days, supporting tourists on their backs while
being photo graphed. Beyond the animal figures stretches a series of 12
stone human statues, dating from the 15th century: four military men, four
civilian officials, and four obedient retainers, all with stately postures and
fixed stares—an honor guard for the dead emperor. A legend says that an emperor
of the later Qing Dynasty wanted to transport the statues to line the road to
his own tomb. One of the emperor's ministers was told, in a dream, that the
statues were eternally loyal to the Ming emperors and therefore should not be
moved. The Qing emperor took this as a warning that if the statues were
disturbed, a deadly wind would blow down from the Ming Tombs upon the capital
and he abandoned the project. A: Of the 13 tombs, only two have been
excavated, those of Chang( the burial name for Yong Le, 1403-24) ,and Ding
(Emperor Wan Li, 1562-1620). The Chang Ling tomb is the largest and best
preserved of the tombs; it served as a model for the remaining 12. Visitors
enter through a red gate which opens toward a courtyard. From here they pass
under the Gate of Eminent Favors (Lingenmen) into a second courtyard, in which
stands the marble Hall of Eminent Favors ( Lingendian), surrounded by pine trees
( another ancient symbol of longevity). The roof of the hall is supported by 32
giant tree columns. Beyond this hall is a third courtyard, where the visitor
will see a simple stele with the inscription Da Ming—Great Ming. This marks the
passage to the sepulcher. B: Also known as the Underground Palace,
this is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China. The work was
completed over a period of three years ( 1956-59 ). Ding ( Emperor Wan Li) was
buried here in 1620 with two of his wives in a deep marble vault located four
stories underground (on the hottest of summer days the vault remains mercifully
cool). The entrance to the grounds is marked by a large red gate with a
magnificent bronze lion. Gigantic marble doors stand at the entrance to the
first of the three burial chambers. (After burial, a "locking stone", similar to
the modern "police "lock, was rolled in front of the tomb itself. )Inside are
three coffins. Twenty six chests of jewelry and other artifacts were discovered
at the foot of the coffins, and many of these finds can be viewed in the two
exhibition halls constructed above ground. The broad, tree shaded grounds
surrounding the tomb are dotted with stone picnic tables and seats. Tour groups
are usually provided with box lunches which may be eaten outdoors or in a"
picnic room" at the foot of the Great Wall. C:In 1978, the tomb of
the Qing emperor Qian Long (1736-96), located about 100km. (62. 5mi)east of
Beijing, was opened to the public. Known as Yu Ling, the tomb is on a
grander scale and of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs.
Construction began in 1743 and cost 90 tons of silver. The wood used was the
durable, fragrant, close-grained nanmu. Some logs weighed up to 20
tons. The tomb is, in fact, an underground palace, similar to the tomb of
Ding Ling. Nevertheless, Yu Ling has distinctive architectural features.
Flanking the roadway leading to the tomb are eight pairs of stone sculptures
depicting civil officials, military officers, horses, qilin ( a mythical animal
of good a men), elephants, camels, suanni (mythical monsters), and lions. Each
figure was carved from a single stone block. The largest weighs about 43
tons. The underground palace contains three stone halls and four pairs of
stone gates, all arched. The overhanging eaves, tile gutters, ridges, and
animal-shaped ornaments on the gate corners are in white marble. Each gate
weighs about two tons and contains a Bod-hisattva, each with a different mien.
The inner walls and arched ceilings of the gateways and halls are decorated with
four celestial guardians (also called Deva kings), seated statues of gods and
Buddhas, carvings of potted flowers, and small three-legged tables to hold
incense burners and Buddhist scriptures. The coffin of Qian Long lies in
the innermost recess of the underground palace. It was placed over a well that
never runs dry.
填空题
·was opened to me public as early as l978
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·served as a model for the remaining 12 for its good preservation?
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·is of higher artistic quality than most imperial tombs?
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·is the largest tomb?
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·is the first imperial tomb to have been excavated in China?
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· has the inner walls and arched ceiling of its gateway and halls decorated with four celestial guardians?
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·owns three coffins within it?
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·holds the coffin of an emperor which was placed over a well?
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·has a large red gate with a significant bronze lion which marks the entrance to the ground?
填空题
·was a huge and costly construction project which began in 17437