阅读理解 The liberal view of democratic citizenship that developed in the 17th and 18th centuries was fundamentally different from that of the classical Greeks. The pursuit of private interests with as little interference as possible from government was seen as the road to human happiness and progress rather than the public obligations and involvement in the collective community that were emphasized by the Greeks. Freedom was to be realized by limiting the scope of governmental activity and political obligation and not through immersion in the collective life of the polls. The basic role of the citizen was to select governmental leaders and keep the powers and scope of public authority in check. On the liberal view, the rights of citizen against the state were the focus of special emphasis. Over time, the liberal democratic notion of citizenship developed in two directions. First, there was movement "to increase the proportion of members of society who were eligible to participate as citizens-especially through extending the right of suffrage-and to ensure the basic political equality of all. Second there was a broadening of the legitimate activities of government and a use of governmental power to redress imbalances in social and economic life. Political citizenship became an instrument through which groups and classes with sufficient numbers of votes could use the state power to enhance their social and economic well-being. Within the general liberal view of democratic citizenship, tensions have developed over the degree to which government can and should be used as an instrument for promoting happiness and well-being. Political philosopher Martin Diamond has categorized two views of democracy as follows. On the one hand, there is the "libertarian" perspective that stresses the private pursuit of happiness and emphasizes the necessity for restraint on government and protection of individual liberties. On the other hand, there is the "majoritarian" view that emphasizes the "task of the government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors of great wealth." The tensions between these two views are very evident today. Taxpayer revolts and calls for smaller government and less government regulation clash with demands for greater government involvement in the economic marketplace and the social sphere.
单选题 The author''s primary purpose is to _______.
【正确答案】 B
【答案解析】主旨大意题。纵观全文，作者在文章开始提到十七、十八世纪自由公民与古希腊时代的不同含义，接着又谈到现在两种不同的对公民的理解，作者始终是按照时间的顺序，由古到今，就不同时代对公民的含义展开论述。这也就是作者写作的目的。故应选B是正确答案。
单选题 It can be inferred from the passage that the Greek word "polls" in Paragraph 1 means _______.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】词汇题。根据文章第一段的第二、三两句的内容：通过对十七、十八世纪自由公民职责与古希腊时含义的比较，不难推测出“polis”的含义为“社会社区”。所以D是正确答案。
单选题 The author cites Martin Diamond because the author _______.
【正确答案】 A
【答案解析】推断题。根据文章最后一段中第2句(Political philosopher Martin Diamond has categorized two views of democracy as follows．)，通过Martin Diamond的关于民主政体分类的观点，作者既证明了自己的观点，同时也揭示了人们的真正需求。可见引用Martin Diamond的观点是为了证明自己判断的权威性，故应选A是正确答案。
单选题 According to the passage, all of the following are characteristics of the liberal idea of government that would distinguish the liberal idea of government from the Greek idea of government except _______.
【正确答案】 D
【答案解析】判断题。选项A、B、C的相关内容可以分别在第一段中第三到第五句中找到，选项D的内容文章中没有涉及到。所以D是正确答案。
单选题 A majoritarian would be most likely to favor legislation that would _______.
【正确答案】 C
【答案解析】事实细节题。根据最后一段第四句中对“majortarian”观点的叙述中，“政府的职责是鼓励并帮助普通人去应付那些有钱的罪犯”(On the other hand，there is the“majoritarian” view that emphasizes the“task of the government to uplift and aid the common man against the malefactors of great wealth．”)，按照这种“杀富济贫”的思想，选项C立法应“提供保护”是正确答案。