阅读理解 Investigators of monkeys' social behavior have always been struck by monkeys' aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressive behavior. Studies directed at describing aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it, as well as the social mechanisms that control it, were therefore among the first investigations of monkeys' social behavior.
Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete for any resource in the environment; hungry monkeys would fight over food, thirsty monkeys would fight over water, and, in general, any time more than one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously, a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form of aggression. However, the motivating force of competition for incentives began to be doubted when experiments like Southwick's on the reduction of space or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporary increases in intra-group aggression. Indeed, food deprivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in decreased frequencies of aggression.
Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme food deprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almost all available energy to foraging, with little energy remaining for aggressive interaction. Furthermore, accumulating evidence from later studies of a variety of primate groups, for example, the study conducted by Bernstein, indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group. Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.
These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because, in the absence of a social order, one must be established to control interanimal relationships. When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization, the newcomer meets even more serious aggression. Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order, in the second case resident animals mob the intruder, thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit. The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect, if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets. If, however, the several animals introduced to a group constitute their own social unit, each group may fight the opposing group as a unit; but, again, no individual is subjected to mass attack, and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat. The submission of the defeated group, rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group, reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack. Monkey groups therefore see to be organized primarily to maintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.

单选题 11.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段中讲到研究猴子社会行为的研究人员对猴子潜在的好斗性以及随之而来的对它们好斗性行为所需要的社会控制很感兴趣。接下来介绍了科学家们对猴子好斗性研究的新认识和发现(研究人员们起初认为猴子们会为了环境中的任何资源而进行竞争，后来各种研究表明引发好斗性行为的最强有力的刺激因素之一，就是在一个有组织的群体内引人一个人侵者)。即科学家们对猴子好斗性的研究有了新的进展。因此D项“讨论调查人员关于猴子好斗性的理论的进展”正确。

单选题 12.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the passage about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys' behavior?

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】推理判断题。根据题干中的“food deprivation”可定位至原文第二段的倒数第一、二句和第三段的首句，由原文第二段中的“…the reduction of space or the withholding of foodfailed to produce more than temporary increases in intragroup aggression．Indeed，food dep—rivation not only failed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted in de—creased frequencies of aggression…”可知，减少空间或不给猴子喂食仅仅只能暂时增加猴子社会群体内部的争斗。事实上，食物缺乏不但不能加剧好斗性，反而在某些情况下实际导致了冲突行为频率的下降。因此D项正确。

单选题 13.The passage suggests that investigators of monkeys' social behavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】细节理解题。由题干中的“have been especially interested in…”可定位至原文第一段中的“have always been struck by”。原文第一段中提到“…have always been struck bymonkeys’aggressive potential and the consequent need for social control of their aggressivebehavior…aggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it，as well as the social mecha—nisms that control it…”，由此可知，研究猴子社会行为的研究人员对猴子潜在的好斗性以及随之而来的对它们好斗性行为所需要的社会控制很感兴趣。即他们研究这种好斗性行为、引发这种行为的情景以及控制这种行为的社会机制的原因是很多猴子具有潜在的攻击性，且它们生活在不控制好它们的攻击性就无法正常运行的社会体系中。因此D项正确。

单选题 14.It can be inferred from the passage that the establishment and preservation of social order among a group of monkeys is essential in order to______.

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】由原文第四段中的“…in the absence of a social order，one must be established to controlinteranimal relationships．When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization，the newcomer meets even more serious aggression…resident animals mob the in—truder，thereby initially ex cluding the new animal from the existing social unit．”可知，在缺乏某种社会秩序的情况下，为了能控制动物之间的关系，一只猴子必须确立自己的地位。当单独一只新动物被引入到一个已经存在的社会组织中来时，新来者会遭受到更加严重的攻击，已经在群体中居住的动物则会对新来者进行围攻，从而在一开始便将新动物驱逐出现存的社会单元。即在一群猴子中建立某种社会秩序可以让想要加人群体的个体免受围攻。因此D项正确。

单选题 15.Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】段落结构题。第二段第一句提出了一种假说(研究人员们起初相信，猴子们会为了环境中的任何资源而进行竞争；饥饿的猴子会为了食物而争夺，干渴的猴子会为了饮水而打架，并且，总的说来，每当多于一只猴子同时为了同样的刺激物而争夺时，争执便会发生，并最终以某种形式的斗争而解决。)；第二句以Southwick的研究成果为证据(evidence)对第一句提出的假说进行了否定；第三句对新的结论进行了总结。因此本题的正确答案应为A项“解释一种假说并陈述反方的论据”。