单选题 I aim to reveal in terms of a general theory of interpretation the typical situation in which a stranger finds himself in his attempt to interpret the cultural pattern of a social group which he approaches and to orient himself within it. For our present purposes the term "stranger" shall mean an adult individual of our times and civilization who tries to be permanently accepted or at least tolerated by the group which he approaches. The outstanding example for the social situation under scrutiny is that of the immigrant, and the following analyses are, as a matter of convenience, worked out with this instance. But by no means is their validity restricted to this special case. The applicant for membership in a closed club, the prospective bridegroom who wants to be admitted to the girl"s family, the farmer"s son who enters college, the city-dweller who settles in a rural environment, the "selectee" who joins the Army, the family of the worker who moves into a boom town—all are strangers according to the definition just given, although in these cases the typical "crisis" that the immigrant undergoes may assume milder forms or even be entirely absent.
As a convenient starting point we shall investigate how the cultural pattern of group life presents itself to the common sense of a man who lives his everyday life within the group among his fellow-men. Following the customary terminology, we use the term "cultural pattern of group life" for designating all the peculiar valuations, institutions, and systems of orientation and guidance (such as the folkways, mores, laws, habits, customs, etiquette, fashions) which, in the common opinion of sociologists of our time, characterize—if not constitute—any social group at a given moment in its history. This cultural pattern, like any phenomenon of the social world, has a different aspect for the sociologist and for the man who acts and thinks within it. The sociologist (as sociologist, not as a man among fellow-men which he remains in his private life) is the disinterested scientific onlooker of the social world. He is disinterested in that he intentionally refrains from participating in the network of plans, means-and-ends relations, motives and chances, hopes and fears, which the actor within the social world uses for interpreting his experiences of it; as a scientist he tries to observe, describe, and classify the social world as clearly as possible in well-ordered terms in accordance with the scientific ideals of coherence, consistency, and analytical consequence.
The actor within the social world, however, experiences it primarily as a field of his actual and possible acts and only secondarily as an object of his thinking. In so far as he is interested in knowledge of his social world, he organizes this knowledge not in terms of a scientific system but in terms of relevance to his actions. This system of knowledge thus acquired-incoherent, inconsistent, and only partially clear, as it is—takes on for the members of the in-group the appearance of a sufficient coherence, clarity, and consistency to give anybody a reasonable chance of understanding and of being understood. Any member born or reared within the group accepts the ready-made standardized scheme of the cultural pattern handed down to him by ancestors, teachers, and authorities as an unquestioned and unquestionable guide in all the situations which normally occur within the social world. The knowledge correlated to the cultural pattern carries its evidence in itself—or, rather, it is taken for granted in the absence of evidence to the contrary. It is a knowledge of trustworthy recipes for interpreting the social world and for handling things and men in order to obtain the best results in every situation with a minimum of effort by avoiding undesirable consequences.

单选题 In what way does the immigrant"s predicament differ to that of the other "strangers"?

【正确答案】 B

【答案解析】[解析] 根据文中第一段的“For our present purposes the term "stranger" shall mean an adult individual of our times and civilization…worked out with this instance．”可知，为了上述目的，词语“陌生人”可解释为我们这个时代的成年个体和文明，并为他所接触的群体长期接受或至少是容许。说明这种社会状况的突出例子是移民事例。再根据文中的“all are strangers according to the definition just given，although in these cases the typical "crisis" that the immigrant undergoes may assume milder forms or even be entirely absent．”可知，根据刚刚给出的定义，这些人都是“陌生人”。在这些事例中，移民所经历的特有“危机”可能会以较温和的形式呈现出来，也或完全不存在。据此可知，移民的处境与其他“陌生人”不同的地方是他们特有的环境适应性。B项正确。

单选题 Why does the author use the word "peculiar" when describing the components of a "cultural pattern"?

【正确答案】 D

【答案解析】[解析] 根据文中第二段的“Following the customary terminology，we use the term "cultural pattern of group life" for designating all the peculiar valuations，institutions，and systems of orientation and guidance”可知，根据习惯用语，我们使用“群体生活的文化模式”这个词语来指明全部特有的评价、制度和导向系统。再根据文中的“The sociologist (as sociologist，not as a man among fellow-men which he remains in his private life)is the disinterested scientific onlooker of the social world．”可知，社会学家(作为社会学家，而不是在同胞中过个体生活的人)是社交界中不偏袒的科学旁观者。据此可知，在描述文化模式的组成时，作者使用单词“peculiar”的目的是为了揭示观察者的旁观角度。

单选题 According to the author, how does a sociologist examine "cultural patterns"?

【正确答案】 A

【答案解析】[解析] 根据文中的“The sociologist (as sociologist，not as a man among fellow-men which he remains in his private life) is the disinterested scientific onlooker of the social world. He is disinterested…and analytical consequence．”可知，社会学家(作为社会学家，而不是在同胞中过个体生活的人)是社交界中不偏袒的科学旁观者。他能够保持公正，因为他有意不参与这些计划，不去了解目的与手段的关系、动机和机会、希望和恐惧；而身处社交界的参与者却会利用这些来诠释自己的感受。科学家使用条理清晰的术语，依照理想科学的连贯性、一致性和分析结果，尽可能清晰地对社交界进行观察、描述并分类。据此可知，社会学家发展出研究文化的系统方法，并且不持任何偏见。A项正确。

单选题 According to the author, what effect do "cultural patterns" have on members of society?

单选题 Why are "cultural patterns" readily accepted by society?

【正确答案】 C

【答案解析】[解析] 根据文中的“This system of knowledge thus acquired…understanding and of being understood．”可知，所获得的这种知识体系给予所有人公平的了解和被了解的机会。再根据文中的“Any member born or reared within the group accepts the ready-made standardized scheme of the cultural pattern…with a minimum of effort by avoiding undesirable consequences．”可知，在该组织出生或成长的所有成员都接受这种既定的标准文化模式，并作为无可争议的和不容置疑的指导(通常适用于该社交界的所有情形)，由先辈、教师和权威传授给他。这是一个值得信赖的、用于诠释社交界和应对人和事的知识方法，为的是通过避免不良的后果，在每一种情况下用最小的努力获得最好的结果。据此可知，“文化模式”是了解、管理社会活动的工具，这是社会愿意接受它的原因。