问答题
In Plato’s Utopia, here are three classes: the common people, the soldiers, and the guardians chosen by the legislator. The main problem, as Plato perceives, is to insure that the guardians shall carry out the intention of the legislator. For this purpose the first thing he proposes is education.
Education is divided into two parts, music and gymnastics. (46){{U}}Each has a wider meaning than at present: “music” means everything that is in the province of the muses, and “gymnastics” means everything concerned with physical training fitness. {{/U}}“Music” is almost as wide as what is now called “culture”, and “gymnastics” is somewhat wider than what “athletics” mean in the modern sense.
Culture is to be devoted to making men gentlemen, in the sense which, largely owing to Plato, is familiar in England. The Athens of his day was, in one respect, analogous to England in the nineteenth century: (47) {{U}}there was in each an aristocracy enjoying wealth and social prestige, but having no monopoly of political power; and in each the aristocracy had to secure as much power as it could by means of impressive behavior. {{/U}}In Plato’s Utopia, however, the aristocracy rules unchecked.
Gravity, decorum and courage seem to be the qualities mainly to be cultivated in education. (48){{U}}There is to be a rigid censorship from very early years over the literature to which the young have access and the music they are allowed to hear.{{/U}} Mothers and nurses are to tell their children only authorized stories. Also, there is a censorship of music. The Lydian and Ionian harmonies are to be forbidden, the first because it expresses sorrow, the second because it is relaxed. (49){{U}}Only the Dorian (for courage) and the Phrygian (for temperance) are to be allowed, and permissible rhythms must be simple, and such as are expressive of a courageous and harmonious life.{{/U}}
As for gymnastics, the training of the body is to be very austere. No one is to eat fish, or meat cooked otherwise than roasted, and there must be no sauces or candies. People brought up on his regimen, he says, will have no need of doctors. Gymnastics applies to the training of mind as well. Up to a certain age, the young are to see no ugliness or vice. (50){{U}}But at a suitable moment, they must be exposed to “enchantments”, both in the shape of terrors that must not terrify, and of bad pleasures that must not seduce the will. {{/U}}Only after they have withstood these tests will they be judged fit to be guardians.
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【答案解析】两者都比目前的音乐和体育有更广的含义:“音乐”是指在思想范围内的所有事物;“体育”是指与体质训练有关的所有事物。 [要点] that引导的定语从句的翻译 [句法] 冒号前面的句子为简单句,其后句子是由and连接的并列句,对Each has a wider meaning than at present作补充说明。翻译注意:(1)由that引导的修饰everything的定语从句,翻译时前置译成“的”字结构。(2)concerned with...是过去分词短语作后置定语,翻译时也可前置,译成“的”字结构。 [词法] in the province of意为“在…领域内”。
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【答案解析】在两个社会中,贵族享有财富和社会声望,但却没有专制的政治权力;贵族都要通过给人深刻印象的表现来尽可能地确保自己的权力。 [要点] 动名词短语的翻译;there be句型的翻译;as much...as固定用法的翻译 [句法] 由and连接的并列复合句;in each中的each指代上文提到的“柏拉图生活时代的雅典”和“十九世纪的英格兰”。翻译注意: (1)第一个分句中enjoying wealth and social prestige作主语an aristocracy的定语,翻译成主谓结构。(2)There be句型可灵活翻译。
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【答案解析】从孩子很小的时候开始,对于其所能接触到的文学和允许听到的音乐就要有严格的审查。 [要点] 定语从句的翻译 [句法] 复合句。There be句型中包含which引导的定语从句以及一个省略引导词的定语从句。定语从句翻译时均可采用“前置法”。 [词法] have access to意为“有接触…的机会(或权利)”。
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【答案解析】只有多利安音乐(代表勇气)和佛里几亚音乐 (代表节制)才被允许听,被许可的音乐必须能表达诸如勇敢与和谐生活的简单旋律。 [要点] 被动语态的翻译 [句法] 由and连接的并列句。第一个分句使用被动语态,可以直接翻译成汉语的被动句,用“被”表示。三个分句的主语各不相同。 [词法] be expressive of意为“表达”、“表示”。
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【答案解析】但是,在适当的时候,他们要接受“考验”。在面对恐怖事物的时候,必须无所畏惧;在面对不良诱惑的时候,必须意志坚定。 [要点] that引导的定语从句的翻译 [句法] 复合句。句子的主干为they must be exposed to “enchantments”。both...and结构为“enchantments”的补充说明。第二个 of前省略了in the shape。注意定语从句中的“反义正译法”。形式上是否定的,但要从正面翻译。 [词法] be exposed to意为“面对”;bad pleasure很难找到对应的汉语表达,此处译为“不良诱惑”较为合适。