填空题.Nature Gives Way to Virtual Reality自然让位于虚拟现实 As people spend more time communing with their televisions and computers, the impact is not just on their health, researchers say. Less time spent outdoors means less contact with nature and, eventually, less interest in conservation and parks. Camping, fishing and per capita visits to parks are all declining in a shift 21 from nature-based recreation, researchers report in Monday's online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "Declining 22 participation has crucial implications for current conservation 23 ," wrote co-authors Oliver R.W. Pergams and Patricia A. Zaradic. "We think it probable than any major 24 in the value placed on natural areas and experiences will greatly reduce the value 25 place on biodiversity conservation." "The replacement of vigorous outdoor activities by sedentary, indoor videophilia 26 far-reaching consequences for physical and mental health, especially in children," Pergams said in a statement. "Videophilia has been 27 to be a cause of obesity, lack of socialization, attention 28 and poor academic performance." By studying visits to national and state park and the 29 of hunting and fishing licenses the researchers documented declines of between 18 percent and 25 30 in various types of outdoor recreation. The decline, found in both the United 31 and Japan, appears to have begun in the 1980s and 1990s, the period of 32 growth of video games, they said. For example, fishing peaked in 1981 and had 33 25 percent by 2005. Visits to national parks peaked in 1987 and dropped 23 34 by 2006, while hiking on the Appalachian Trial peaked in 2000 35 was down 18 percent by 2005. Japan suffered similar declines, as visits to national parks there dropped 36 18 percent between 1991 and 2005. There was a small growth in backpacking, but 37 may reflect day trips by some people who 38 were campers, wrote Pergams and Zaradic. Pergams is a visiting research assistant professor of biological 39 at the University of Illinois at Chicago, while Zaradic is a fellow with the Environmental Leadership Program, Delaware Valley, in Bryn Mawr, Pa. 40 fishing declined, hunting held onto most of its market, they found. "This may be related to various overfishing and pollution issues decreasing access to fish populations, contrasted with exploding deer populations," they said. The research was funded by The Nature Conservancy.