单选题 Virtually everything astronomers known about objects outside the solar system is based on the detection of photons-quanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another form of radiation that permeates the universe: neutrinos (中微子). With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe, even traversing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe.
But how can scientists detect a particle that interacts so infrequently with other matter? Twenty-five years passed between Pauli's hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection: since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope, capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the probability of one of its nucleon's reacting with a neutrino. In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles.
Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls for placing an array of fight sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of other high-energy particles raining down through the atmosphere.
The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project is that it will exploit an important source of information about the universe. The extension of astronomy from visible fight to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies, quasars (类星 体), and pulsars (脉冲星). Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring its own share of surprises.

单选题 Which might be the most appropriate title of the passage?
A. At the Threshold of Neutrino Astronomy. B. Neutrinos and the History of the Universe.
C. The Creation and the Study of Neutrinos. D. The DUMAND System and How It Works.

单选题 One advantage that neutrinos have for studies in astronomy is that they
A. have been detected for 25 years. B. possess a variable electric charge.
C. are usually extremely massive. D. record information about their own origin.

单选题 The neutrinos are hard to detect most probably because of
A. their ability to escape from different regions of space.
B. their inability to penetrate dense matter.
C. the similarity of their structure to that of nucleons.
D. the infrequency of their interaction with other matter.

单选题 The ocean may be used to detect neutrinos for the following reasons EXCEPT that
A. it can provide massive nucleons.
B. it is like a huge detecting apparatus.
C. it enables neutrinos to move more actively.
D. it can keep away the interference of other particles.

单选题 In the last paragraph, the author describes the development of astronomy in order to
A. suggest the potential discovery of celestial bodies by means of neutrino astronomy.
B. illustrate the importance of surprises in malting astronomic discoveries.
C. demonstrate the effectiveness of the DUMAND apparatus in detecting neutrinos.
D. name some cosmic phenomena that neutrino astronomy will illuminate.