单选题 The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been speeded by the closing of the internal frontier -- that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Not only was Turner’s thesis influential at the time, it was later adopted and elaborated by other scholars, such as John D. Hicks in The populist Revolt (1931). Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century. In the 1890’s, when agrarian discontent had become most acute, 1,100,000 new farms were settled, which was 500,000 more than had been settled during the previous decade. After 1890, under the terms of the Homestead Act and its successors, more new land was taken up for fanning than had been taken up for this purpose in the United states up until that time. It is true that a high proportion of the newly fanned land was suitable only for grazing and dry farming, but agricultural practices had become sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability of farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands.
The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance 'of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened and the first transcontinental railroad in the United States was completed. An extensive network of telegraph and telephone communications was spun: Europe was connected by submarine cable with the United States in 1866 and with South America in 1874. By about 1870 improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas that were most suitable for extensive farming on a mechanized basis. Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system. As a consequence, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish. Between the early 1870's and the 1890's the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. Those staple-growing farmers in the United States who exhibited the greatest discontent were who had become most dependent on foreign markets for the sale of their products. In so far as Americans had been deterred from taking up new land for farming, it was because market conditions had made this period a perilous time in which to do so.

单选题 The author provides information concerning newly farmed lands in the United States in paragraph 1 to support
A. a proposal by Frederick J. Turner that was later disputed by John D. Hicks.
B. an elaboration by John D. Hicks of thesis that formerly had been questioned by Turner.
C. the thesis that important changes occurred in the nature of international trade during the second half of the 19th century.
D. the view that the American frontier did not become closed during the 19th century or soon thereafter.

单选题 The author implies that the cause of the agrarian discontent was
A. masked by the vagueness of the official records on newly settled farms.
B. overshadowed by disputes on the reliability of the existing historical evidence.
C. misidentified as a result of influential but erroneous theorizing.
D. overlooked because of a preoccupation with market conditions.

单选题 According to the passage which of the following occurred prior to 1890.9
A. Frederick J. Turner’s thesis regarding the American frontier became influential.
B. Technological advances made it fruitful to farm extensively on a mechanized basis.
C. Direct lines of communication were constructed between the US and South America.
D. The Homestead Act led to an increase in the amount of newly farmed land in the US.

单选题 Changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an
A. underestimation of the amount of new land that was being farmed in the US.
B. underutilization of relatively small but rich plots of land.
C. overexpansion of the world transportation network for agricultural products.
D. extension of agrarian depressions beyond national boundaries.

单选题 Compared to the yearly price changes that actually occurred on foreign agricultural markets during the 1880’s American farmers would have most preferred yearly price changes that were
A. similar in size but in the opposite direction.
B. much smaller and in the same direction.
C. much smaller but in the opposite direction.
D. slightly greater and in the same direction.