Finally, what about the world? Is it something like an object, or something like a process, or something like a fact? Well, what can we say of the world? Surely it is large and wide. We are in it and some things in it are closer to us than others; we speak of this part of the world. True, the world cannot move and is not somewhere, but this should not disturb us in view of the relativity of these concepts. It seems, then, that the world is very much like an object; more exactly, the idea of the world is the limiting idea of the totality of all objects. Objects are parts of the world, somewhat as organs are parts of an organism. Then, surely, objects are in the world in a very straightforward sense.
Yet the coin has another side. It is possible to speak of the beginning or the end of the world. We even say that in spite of John's death the world goes on as before. If, therefore, the world is also a process, then other processes may be in it as parts: much the same way as the writing of this chapter is a part of my life. But even this process aspect of the world aside, all processes, actions, and events take place in the world in the indirect sense I mentioned above.
But how can facts possibly be in the world? When they cannot even be in more familiar receptacles like rooms or continents?
This brings us back to the correspondence theory, Austin's demonstrative and descriptive conventions, and the maxim, “A statement is true if it fits the facts.” If the correspondence theory requires a relation between empirical statements and observable entities in the world, then facts are not qualified for this latter role. Objects and processes might be, but then I do not know how to formulate the theory.
最后,世界呢?它是属于物体,或是过程,还是事实呢?那么,我们该怎样形容它呢?它当然宽广无垠。我们身处其中,其中有些东西离我们很近;我们称其是世界的一部分。确实,世界不会移动,不在某个特定的地方,但鉴于这些概念的相对性,这并不会影响我们的判断。如此说来,世界非常像一个物体;更确切地说,世界的概念是对所有物体总的狭隘性表述。物体是世界的一部分,如同器官相对于有机体存在。坦白地讲,物体当然存在于这个世界上。
然而事物都具有双面性。我们可以谈论世界开始或末日。甚至我们可以说,尽管约翰死了,但世界还是一如既往。因此,如果世界也是一个过程,那么其他过程也可能是其中的一部分:就像这一章的写作是我生活的一部分一样。但即使撇开世界的这个过程不谈,所有的过程,行为和事件都是在世界上间接发生。
但事实怎么可存在于世界上呢?更别提在更熟悉的容器中,如房间或大陆?
这让我们回到了对应理论、奥斯汀的示范性和描述性规范,以及格言“如果理论符合事实,则为真。”如果对应理论要求在经验陈述和世界上可观察的实体之间建立一种关系,那么事实就不适合后者的定义。对象和过程可能符合,但我该不知道如何定义对应理论了。