填空题Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a
text. Choose a heading from the list A-F that best fits the meaning of each
numbered part of the text. The first and last paragraphs of the text are not
numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Archaeological study covers an extremely long span of time and a great
variety of subjects. The earliest subjects of archaeological study date from the
origins of humanity. These include fossil remains believed to be of human
ancestors who lived 3.5 million to 4.5 million years ago. The earliest
archaeological sites include those at Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanzania; East
Turkana, Kenya; and elsewhere in East Africa. These sites contain evidence of
the first appearance of bipedal (uprightwalking, apelike early humans).
{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} The first
physically modem humans, Homo sapiens, appeared in tropical Africa between
200,000 and 150,000 years ago-dates determined by molecular biologists and
archaeologists working together. Dozens of archaeological sites throughout Asia
and Europe show how people migrated from Africa and settled in these two
continents during the last Ice Age (100,000 to 15,000 years ago). {{U}}
{{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} Archaeologists have
documented that the development of agriculture took place about 10,000 years
ago. Early domestication—the planting and harvesting of plants and the breeding
and herding of animals— is evident in such places as the ancient settlement of
Jericho in Jordan and in Tehuacán Valley in Mexico. Archaeology plays a major
role in the study of early civilizations, such as those of the Sumerians of
Mesopotamia, who built the city of Ur, and the ancient Egyptians, who are famous
for the pyramids near the city of Giza and the royal sepulchres (tombs) of the
Valley of the Kings at Thebes. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}}
{{/U}} Archaeological research spans the entire development of
phenomena that are unique to humans. For instance, archaeology tells the story
of when people learned to bury their dead and developed beliefs in an afterlife.
Sites containing signs of the first simple but purposeful burials in graves date
to as early as 40,000 years ago in Europe and Southwest Asia. By the time people
lived in civilizations, burials and funeral ceremonies had become extremely
important and elaborate rituals. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}}
{{/U}} Archaeology also examines more recent historical periods.
Some archaeologists work with historians to study American colonial life, for
example. They have learned such diverse information as how the earliest colonial
settlers in Jamestown, Virginia, traded glass beads for food with native
Algonquian peoples; how the lives of slaves on plantations reflected their roots
in Africa; and how the first major cities in the United States developed.
{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} A. For example, the
Moche lords of Sipán in coastal Peru were buried in about AD 400 in fine cotton
dress and with exquisite ornaments of bead, gold, and silver. Few burials rival
their lavish sepulchres. Being able to trace the development of such rituals
over thousands of years has added to our understanding of the development of
human intellect and spirit. B. By 40,000 years ago people could
be found hunting and gathering food across most of the regions of Africa.
Populations in different regions employed various technologiealdevelopments in
adapting to their different environments and climates. C.
Archaeological studies have also provided much information about the people who
first arrived in the America over 12,000 years ago. D. The
first fossil records of vascular plants—that is, land plants with tissue that
carries food— appeared in the Silurian period. They were simple plants that had
not developed separate stems and leaves. E. Laetoli even
reveals footprints of humans from 3.6 million years ago. Some sites also contain
evidence of the earliest use of simple tools. Archaeologists have also recorded
how primitive forms of humans spread out of Africa into Asia about 1.8 million
years ago, then into Europe about 900,000 years ago. F. One
research project involves the study of garbage in present-day cities across the
United States. This garbage is the modern equivalent of the remains found in the
archaeological record. In the future, archaeologists will continue to move into
new realms of study. G. Other sites that represent great human
achievement are as varied as the cliff dwellings of the ancient Anasazi (a
group of early Native Americans of North America) at Mesa Verde, Colorado; the
Inca city of Machu Picehu high in the Andes Mountains of Peru; and the
mysterious, massive stone portrait heads of remote Easter Island in the
Pacific.